Copy of Lab 9 Mini Lesson Learning Guides

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23 Terms

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Colloid
A protein-rich fluid found within the follicles of the thyroid gland, where thyroid hormone synthesis occurs.
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Follicles
Spherical structures in the thyroid gland that contain colloid and are lined by follicular cells responsible for thyroid hormone production.
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Iodide trapping
The active transport of iodide ions from the bloodstream into thyroid follicular cells.
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Pendrin
A protein that transports iodide from follicular cells into the colloid for hormone synthesis.
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Thyroglobulin
A glycoprotein produced by follicular cells that serves as a precursor for thyroid hormone synthesis.
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Thyroid hormone
A collective term for the hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), which regulate metabolism.
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Thyroxine (T4)
The predominant thyroid hormone in circulation; contains four iodine atoms.
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Triiodothyronine (T3)
The more biologically active thyroid hormone; contains three iodine atoms.
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Where is the thyroid gland located and what is its composition?
The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck, just below the larynx, composed of numerous follicles filled with colloid and lined by follicular cells.
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What is the difference between the structure of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in relation to the number of iodines?
T4 has four iodine atoms, whereas T3 has three; T4 is more abundant in blood plasma, but T3 is more biologically active.
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Causes of hypothyroidism?
Iodine deficiency, Hashimoto's disease, congenital defects.
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Symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, slow metabolism.
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What is congenital hypothyroidism?
A thyroid deficiency present at birth, most commonly caused by iodine deficiency.
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What is Graves' disease?
An autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism.
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What is Hashimoto's disease?
An autoimmune disorder leading to hypothyroidism.
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What is Addison’s disease?
Primary adrenal insufficiency causing cortisol deficiency.
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What is Cushing’s syndrome?
Excess cortisol due to prolonged glucocorticoid exposure.
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What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex zonas?
Zona glomerulosa secretes aldosterone, zona fasciculata secretes cortisol, and zona reticularis secretes androgens.
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How is cortisol secretion regulated by the HPA axis?
The hypothalamus releases CRH, stimulating the anterior pituitary to release ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
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What are the physiological functions of cortisol during stress?
Increases glucose availability, suppresses inflammation, and aids in survival.
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What increases during stress?
Cortisol, norepinephrine, and catecholamines increase during stress to mobilize energy, increase alertness, and maintain homeostasis.
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Primary vs. secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Primary (Addison’s disease) is adrenal gland failure with high ACTH; secondary is pituitary failure with low ACTH and cortisol.
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What is Cushing’s disease?
Cushing’s disease is caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor.