US HISTORY SPRING FINAL

exceptionalism

The US sets the standard for the rest of the world and then US does as pleases

Scramble for empire

20 year period where nations of Europe went into Africa and Asia and carved out colonies

**Motivation:**

* economics
* raw materials
* markets-finished products (sell them back for greater money)
* competition
* economics-goods
* military (naval race)
* Strategic
* bases→access→roads
* Jingoism
* “My country right or wrong”

Yellow Journalism

* **sensational style** of reporting news
* spins interpretation of the news
* ex: change the gender

New York City

* capital of media
* 2 Newspaper owners:
* Pulitzer and Hearst

General Valeriano Weyler

* New governor of Cuba
* practiced reconcentration by sending all Cubans in concentration camps

William McKinley

* president of US
* sent USS Maine in 1898 to Havana, Cuba for a “Goodwill misson” telling them that US won’t get involved

“Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain”

* 2/15/1898: Maine exploded
* McKinley goes in and declares war
* don’t know who did it but assumed it was Spain

Teller Amendment 1898

* fighting war not to annex Cuba but help them liberate
* US will not annex Cuba after the war is over

Jeorge Dewey

* sent my Roosevelt to Hong Kong in 2/1898
* when war broke out, Dewey had early access to Manila Bay and beat the Spanish fleets

Emilio Aguinaldo

* helped George Dewey defeat the Spanish in Manila Bay b/c Philippines under Spanish rule
* believed that US would also liberate Philippines
* president of Philippines

“A man on the white horse”

* T. Roosevelt was a patriotic hero that is part of the military
* later on would go to run for president
* go from military man to governer to NY then president

Spanish-American War American casualty causes

* disease
* Malaria and yellow fever
* rations
* embalmed beef that was spoiled-caused cancer

Queen Lil 1893

* queen of Hawaii
* nervous that American missionaries coming to Hawaii because their cash crop was sugar
* missionaries- ethnocentrism: hula
* “rebellion” in 1893-Queen Lil was disposed
* not really rebellion b/c it was American businessmen who disposed her

President Cleveland

* against Hawaii’s admission into US because Hawaii was against annextion

American causes against Germany

* blood and iron
* Samoa 1889
* both US and Germany claim
* Manila Bay 1898
* Germany cruised into it
* Venezuela debt situation 1901
* believed they wouldn’t pay b/c US
* bombard by kaiser
* US evoked Monroe Doctrine

“A Tale of Two Ships”

* Name of Panama Canal
* USS Oregon
* delayed to get to the Spanish American War
* USS Nashville

2 routes of Panama Canal

* Panama route
* narrower
* Nicaragua Route
* rejected b/c of a volcano Mt. Pele

Colombia

* negotiate w/ them for canal because Panama was province of Colombia
* negotiate with them for 6-mi of soverignty of the canal
* they disagreed

“Guardian Angel of Panama”

* USS Nashville
* got in between Colombia and Panama
* Colombia withdrew and lost Panama

T. R. corollary

* an extension of an existing policy
* Roosevelt Corollary is extention of Monroe Doctrine
* the US is like a policeman and other countries ask for help

Santo Domingo 1905

* Dominican Republic fell into debt w/ Germany
* US decided to go into DR Treasury and split 60% for Germany and 40% for DR
* exceptionalism

“The Colossus of the North”

* South America neighbors gave US nickname
* a big, ass-kicking bully that pushes others around

1906 Board of Education

* separated Japanese boys and girls from other kids; segregation
* problem: “overcrowding”
* TR revoked this and sent Great White Fleet to scare Japan

Vera Cruz 1914

* port which Huerta wished to receive guns and munitions from Germany in the civil war against Pancho Villa
* US against Mexico and Germany

Lusitania

* British passenger ship that was torpedoed
* Germans shot it down w/ U-boat b/c it carried munitions onboard which was illegal

No Man’s Land

* area between the two trenches

machine gun

* used trench warfare to avoid getting hurt

The Hun

British propaganda against the Germans

* reference the Huns who went and invaded and ravaged Europe

General John Pershing

* commanded a segregated black regiment in AEF

Janette Rankin

* first woman in Congress from Montana
* anti-war; Pacifist
* protest for women’s rights to vote

Committee of Public Information

* **George Creel** was in charge of selling propaganda to American people

Schenck v. US 1919

* anti-war/draft and sent out mail for it
* 9-0
* “a clear and present danger”- not protected by the 1st amendment to have free speech against the draft

Henry Cabot Lodge

* Chairman of Foreign Relations Committee
* fight with Wilson about League of Nations and Treaty of Versailles
* treaty needs to go through him-funnel

Article X

* if a country goes into violence with another, LON has the right to declare war, not Congress

Isolationism

* Wilson refuses to compromise Treaty of Versaille, treaty fails, US embraces isolationism
* turn back world and treaty

18th Amendment

* generated by war efforts
* ban alcohol
* food=weapon; morality

19th Amendment

* generated by war efforts for a better democracy
* Women’s Suffrage; women can vote

SA: Identify the Men of Vision (4) and career of vision

* William Seward
* Secretary of State
* brought Alaska with a vision to expand to Asia and trade for money
* Alfred T. Mahan
* Captain and Admiral
* in order to get world power, need a **2 ocean navy** and **coaling stations** to supply that navy (dry docks and islands)
* Frederick J. Turner
* Professor at the University of Wisconsin
* believe that frontier made the US powerful because it gave people a second chance to move; safety valve
* b/c US frontier was gone, push people overseas for land
* Josiah Strong
* Protestant minister
* urged for creation of Christian empire in Adia
* mission: White Man’s Burden
* wanted a white Christian society w/ a duty to civilize Christianity- “darker races”

SA: Cuba 1895

* in rebellion with Spain
* US pro-Cuban
* 1895=1776: emotional tie for independence
* Cuba was underdog like US
* US anti-Spain
* 31st parallel with pawns: runaway slaves and Native Americans; hotspot
* Spain against right of deposit in New Orleans along Mississippi River

SA: McKinley and Philippines: Why didn’t US grant Philippines their independence?

* dilemma
* Filipinos are unfit for democracy (uncivilized)
* indirectly said that they aren’t white
* White man’s burden
* Germany wanted to take over Philipines (annex)
* didn’t want Gerany to take over Spain’s place
* Britain and Spain might take Philippines
* competition for resources: sugar (raw materials; profit in markets)
* “my little brown brothers” - paternalism (domestic dependent)

SA: Hay-Banaw-Verilla Treaty

* US negotiation w/ Cuba for Panama Canal
* $10 million dollar down payment
* $250k annually
* decalres 10 miles from Panama
* if Cuba didn’t agree, then pull out USS Nashville-danger for Cubans b/c that ship was the one protecting them
* Colombia could’ve regained Cuba

SA: Platt Amendment 1899

* uni-lateral (one-sided action)
* Cuba-protectorate (protected against all countries besides US)

1) all treaties must be approved by US

2) US demands Naval base in Cuba - Gwantamano

3) 24/7-to “defend” Cuba, land troops into Cuba any time

SA: Causes of the Great War 1914

* revance:
* France wants revenge against Germany because they took **Alsace and Lorraine**
* alliances:
* allied powers (Triple Alliance): France, Britain, Russia
* central powers (Triple Entente): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
* competition:
* wanted to trade and resources, arms race and military
* jingoism:
* my country right or wrong

SA: Immediate Causes for US to declare war on Germany 1917

* Bolshevik Revolution
* takes Russia out of War in 1917, making Germany more powerful than B/F
* Zimmerman Telegram
* telegram sent by German foreign secretary to German minister in Mexico
* if war between Germany and US, Mexico would regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if M declares war on US too
* Black Tom
* a New Jersey munitions plant that was blown up by Germany
* Dr. Albert from Germany - stuff was found in his bag
* committed espionage/sabotage: a spy

SA: What is Article X to the League of Nations and controversy?

* the LON will decide if they will send in a multi-national force and declare war or not
* controversial because Congress and Senate don’t have a say on whether they want war or not
* US didn’t join LoN