Chapter 13: Central Nervous System

Cerebrum

Large cerebral hemispheres together

function of cerebrum

Intelligence, consciousness, memory, sensory, motor, ANS, integration.

Diencephalon

Part between cerebral hemispheres and midbrain (includes hypothalamus, thalamus, and third ventricle)

brains stem

Collectively midbrian, pons, and medulla of brain.

Functions of brain stem

Passageway for fiber tracts between cerebrum and spinal cord.
Controls breathing and blood pressure.
Integrates auditory and visual reflexes.

Cerebellum

Located dorsal to the pons and medulla

functions of cerebellum

Smooths and coordinates body movements.
Maintains equilibrium.

What structures make up the brain stem?

midbrain, medulla, and pons

What are the functions of midbrain?

Motor control, temperature regulation, sleep, and pain.

What are the functions of pons?

Controls breathing

What are the functions of medulla ?

Regular formation reticular formation, influence autonomic functions.

What is the structures that make up the diencephalon ?

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

What are the functions of thalamus in diencephalon?

Gateway to cerebral cortex

What are the functions of hypothalamus in diencephalon?

Emotional response, regulate body temperature, hunger, thirst, control behavior and secrete hormones

What are the functions of Epithalamus in diencephalon?

Forms part or "rooftop" of the 3rd ventricle
Secretes hormone melatonin.

What are the four ventricles

lateral ventricles (left and right), third ventricle, fourth ventricle

What is the function of the four ventricles?

Filled with CSF, lined with ependymal cells, and expansion of the brain cavity's

What are the functions of CSF?

Cerebral spinal fluid fills hollow cavities of brain and spinal cord, removes waste, and carries chemicals signals between CNS.

Where is CSF made?

Formed in the choroid plexus ( all four ventricles )

How is CSF made?

Made in the choroid plexus, made of ependymal cells and capillaries.

What is the path CSF takes through the spinal cord?

CSF flows through ventricles into the subarachnoid space via median/lateral. Some CSF also flows through the Central Canal and Spinal Cord.

What are the 5 lobes of the brain ?

frontal lobe , parietal lobe , temporal lobe, occipital lobe, insula

What functional regions are found in the frontal lobe?

Deep grey matter, cerebral white matter.

What functional regions are found in the parietal lobe?

Conscious awareness

What functional regions are found in the occipital lobe?

Primary visual cortex

What functional regions are found in the temporal lobe?

Primary auditory cortex

What functional regions are found in the insula?

Sensorimotor, olfactogustatory and cognitive

Define sulcus

Shallow grooves on surface of cerebral hemispheres.

Define Gyrus

Ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex

Define fissure

Deep grooves

What major structure separates the left cerebral hemispheres from the right?

The longitudinal fissure separates the left and right cerebral hemisphere.

What major structure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

Transverse Fissure

Describe the following anatomical structures Central Sulcus ?

Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

Describe the following anatomical structures pre central gyrus (function ?)

Prominent ridge on the lateral surface of frontal lobe function includes motor control.

Describe the following anatomical structures post central gyrus (what is the function)

Lateral surface of parietal lobe, function is sensory information

Describe the path of motor control from the brain to skeletal muscle. Be sure to include the basal nuclei (ganglia). Be able to follow the path a motor response takes through the brain and out to the muscle.

A motor response originates in the primary motor cortex of the brain, travels through the internal capsule, then to the brainstem, where it synapses with lower motor neurons in the spinal cord, ultimately reaching the skeletal muscle; the basal ganglia play a crucial role in refining this motor signal by providing inhibitory or excitatory input to the motor cortex, effectively acting as a "filter" to ensure smooth, coordinated movement.

basal nuclei (ganglia) function ?

Involved in motor control

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex / somatosensory association?

Processes sensory information such as touch temperature, and pain.

What is the location of the primary somatosensory cortex / somatosensory association

Parietal lobe in the post central gyrus

What is the function of the primary visual cortex/visual association area

Processing basic visual features/ information

Where is the location of the primary visual cortex

Posterior occipital lobe of brain

What is the function of the auditory cortex?

Process sounds

Location of the auditory cortex?

superior temporal gyrus

What is the function of the olfactory cortex ?

Processing and perceiving smells

Location of the olfactory cortex?

Inferior surface of temporal lobe

Function of the gustary cortex?

Processing tase

Location of gustatory cortex

In the cerebral cortex of the brain specifically the insula

What is the function of the frontal eye field ?

Control voluntary eye movement, and rapid eye movement

What is the location of the frontal eye field

Frontal cortex

What is the function of Wernicke's Area?

Understanding written and spoken language

What is the location of the Wernicke's area

Left temporal lobe

What is the function of the Broca's Area ?

Production of speech

Location of Broca's area?

Passed through sensory receptors into the central nervous system

How do the primary cortex and association areas work together?

They work together to process information and generate behavior

What is the function of the limbic system

Memory regulation, all allows shift between thoughts, emotion regulation, AKA "the emotional brain"

What is the function of the reticular system?

Regulate arousal consciousness, and sleep cycles

Describe the pathway of incoming sensory information.

Passed through sensory receptors into the central nervous system

Describe the pathway of outgoing motor commands.

Starts at the primary motor cortex of brain and then travels down into the brain stem, then reaching the spinal cord, synapsing to lower motor neurons carrying signals to target muscles.

Describe the pathway of projectionfibers?

Descend from cerebral cortex and ascend to cortex from lower regions

Describe the pathway of commercial fibers

Allows communication between cerebral hemispheres

Describe the pathway of association fibers

Connect different parts of the same hemispheres.

fly just landed on your arm. Describe how the signal travels from the arm, to the brain. What areas of the brain process the information, and what parts of the brain send a response to move your arm?

Sensory receptors are activated, stimulating the signals to travel along sensory neurons then reaching the spinal cord, the sensory neurons synapses with other neurons. Then the neurotransmitters reach the thalamus in the brain where sensory information is processed. Lastly from the thalamus somatosensory cortex processes sensory information allowing you to feel the fly land on your arm.

Cerebrum

Logic, learning and memory, "conscious" brain

Cerebellum

Body posture, fine tune movements

Corpora quadrigemina (superior and inferior colliculus)

process visual and auditory sensations

limbic system

Establishes emotional states, links conscious, intellectual function of cerebral cortex, facilitates memory storage and retrieval

mammillary bodies

control feeding reflexes (chewing,licking, swallowing)

Medulla oblongata

Breathing, heart rate, visceral activities, sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves

Pons

Higher levels of respiratory control, sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves

Thalamus

Acts as a filter for ascending sensory information that is projected to the primary cortex and basal nuclei.

Ventricles

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Describe the anatomy of a cervical enlargement

Area of spinal cord that is wider than normal

Describe the anatomy of the lumbar enlargement

Lumbar enlargement is widened due to the spinal cord supplying nerves to lower limbs

Describe the anatomy of the conus medullaris

Conus medullaris is the tapered end of the spinal cord (lower most extremity)

What is the anatomy of the Cauda equina

Bundle of nerves and nerve roots at the end of the spinal cord

Describe the anatomy of the Filum terminal

Fibrous band, extending from conus medullaris to coccyx

white matter

Consists of axons passing between specific regions of CNS

grey matter

Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and nonmyelinated axons

What can be found in the anterior grey horn?

Motor neurons

What can be found in the posterior grey horn?

Sensory neurons

What can be found in the lateral grey horns?

Neurons relating to autonomic nervous system

What can be found in the dorsal root ?

Sensory nerve (afferent) fibers

What can be found in the ventral root?

Motor (efferent) nerve fibers

What can be found in the dorsal root ganglia?

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

What can be found in the central canal?

CSF can be found.

epidural surface

Contains fat outside dura mater surround spinal cord nerves

denticulate ligament

Lateral extension of pia mater

Describe the three meninges found in the spinal cord

Dura mater (outer layer), arachnoid mater (middle layer) Pia mater (inner layer)

Axon

Myelin sheath, Carry electrical impulses, nodes of ranvier, axon hillock, axon terminal

myelin

Allows electrical impulse to travel faster as myelin covers axon

Fascicle

Bundle of muscle fibers enclosed by perimysium

Endoneurium

Connective tissue that sounds nerve fibers

perineurium

surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers

Epineurium

Outermost layer surrounding peripheral nerve

Ganglia

Cluster of nerves cell bodies throughout the body

Nucleus

Stores and protects DNA

fiber tracts

Bundle of nerve fibers

What is meant by mixed nerve ?

Contains both sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent) nerve fibers.

Describe the pathway of incoming sensory information to the spinal cord, and outgoing motor information from the spinal cord to the periphery. Include the location of cell bodies and axons of neurons within the following structures of the spinal cord

Sensory information enters the spinal cord through the dorsal root traveling through the dorsal horn and Gray matter can be processed by interneurons within the spinal cord, then ascending to brain then in the white matter motor information exits, spinal cord through the ventral root traveling to muscles initiating movement.