Biology - Chapter 11 FC

11.2

Cell division

process in which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

Chromosome vs. chromatin

Chromosome: threadlike structure within the nucleus that contains genetic info that is passed from generation to the next

Chromatin: substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones

11.4

Chromatids (sisters)

one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome

11.5

Centromere

region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach

11.6

Cell Cycle (definition and phases)

Definition: series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells

Phases: Interphase (G1,S,G2), Mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis), and G0 phase

11.7

Interphase

period of the cell cycle in which the cell grows (cell spends most of time here)

11.8

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cells division during which a cell nucleus divides

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

11.9

Prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis; genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible

11.10

Metaphase

phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

11.11

Anaphase

phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separated and move to opposite ends of the cell

11.12

Telophase

phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin, cell starts to reform

11.13

Spindle fibers

a protein structure that helps divide the chromosomes by pulling them to opposite ends

11.14

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

11.15

Metaphase plate/equator

the imaginary line that chromosomes line up on during metaphase

11.16

Cell plate

structure that forms when the cytoplasm of a plant cell divides

11.18

Internal regulators

Molecules within the cell, usually proteins such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent-kinases.

11.19

External regulators

Proteins that respond to events outside the cell, like growth factors and cell adhesion proteins.

11.20

Cancer

A term for diseases that shows abnormal cells divide without control and can divide nearby tissues

11.21

Tumor

An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should.

11.22

Apoptosis

form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and in some eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes and death.

11.23

Centriole/centrosome

Centrioles duplicate in concert with chromosomes during the cell cycle

11.24

Sexual vs. Asexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction involves 2 parents, asexual only involves one (exact replica)