Lecture Notes on Social and Emotional Development

Flashcards on Early Psychosocial Development and Attachment

Crisis of Infancy (0-18 months)

To establish a balance between trust and mistrust, leading to the development of hope.

Autonomy

Exploration and reflective awareness of personal desires, wishes, and intentions.

Shame

Knowing that some desires are prohibited.

Doubt

Some intentions will fail.

Initiative

Making own decisions, coming up with proposals, starting own actions.

Attachment

An enduring socioemotional relationship, increasing survival likelihood.

Preattachment

Birth to 6-8 weeks: infants begin recognize their mothers voice and face.

Attachment in the making

6-8 weeks to 6-8 months: Infants begin to develop sense of trust when caregiver responsiveness.

True attachment

6-8 months to 18 months: Infant singles out the attachment figure (usually, the mother) and shows her trust.

Reciprocal relationships

18 months on: Toddlers develop stranger anxiety when they are separated from their attachment figures.

Physical Play

Fathers emphasize this type of activity when interacting with babies.

Strange Situation

A procedure used to study attachment relationships.

Four primary types of attachment relationships (according to Mary Ainsworth)

Secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized

Two dimensions of attachment (according to Chris Fraley)

Anxiety and avoidance

Internal Working Model (Schema)

A set of expectations about parents’ availability and responsiveness.

Basic Emotions

Joy, anger, surprise, fear, interest, distress, disgust, and sadness. Experienced worldwide.

Social Referencing

Looking at a caregiver for cues to interpret a situation.

Complex Emotions

Guilt, embarrassment, and pride arise with an understanding of the self, emerges at 18-24 months

Guilt

Negative evaluation of a specific behavior.

Shame

Negative evaluation of the global self.

Emotion Regulation Strategies

Finding attachment figure; get close to peers; close eyes.

Reappraisal

Downplaying the value of unattainable goals and rewards.

Parallel Play

Toddlers play alone while being interested in each other.

Social Play

Children engage in similar activities and interact with one another by 15-18 months.

Cooperative Play

Play organized around a theme with special roles.

Enabling

Actions and remarks supporting each other, sustaining interaction (girls).

Constricting

Effort to emerge as victor by threatening or contradicting (boys).

Prosocial Behavior

Behavior driven by feelings of responsibility toward others.

Altruism

Any behavior that benefits another person.