Lipids

lipids

an organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents

fatty acid

the building blocks of lipids that are naturally occurring monocarboxylic acids

saturated fatty acid

a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds

monounsaturated fatty acid

a fatty acid with a carbon-carbon chain in which one carbon-carbon double bond is present

polyunsaturated fatty acid

fatty acid in a carbon chain in which two or more carbon-carbon bonds are present and is liquid at room temperature

-cis

contain in naturally occurring fatty acids associated with good fat where the groups in the double bond is located in the same position

essential fatty acids

a fatty acid needed in the human body that must be obtained from dietary sources because it cannot be synthesized within the body

linoleic acid (18:2)

it is a primary member of the omega-6 fatty acid obtained from vegetable oil and decreases plasma cholesterol, as well as, HDL

linoleic acid (18:3)

a primary member of the omega-3 fatty acid that can be found in plants that suppresses cardiac arrhythmia and reduces serum TAG

linoleic acid (18:3)

it is the starting material for the biosynthesis of two additional omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA

arachidonic acid

it is the major starting material for eicosanoids, a substance to help regulate blood pressure, clotting, and several other important body functions

12

how many carbon atoms are present in lauric acid?

14

how many carbon atoms are present in myristic acid?

18

how many carbon atoms are present in stearic acid?

20

how many carbon atoms are present in arachidonic acid?

6

how many double bonds are present in DHA?

triacylglycerol

it is the most abundant type of lipids present in the body and the main storage form of fatty acids

triacylglycerol

it is more efficient in storing energy than glycogen that is concentrated in adipocytes found under the skin, in the abdominal cavity, and in the mammary gland

simple triacylglycerol

it is a triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with three identical fatty acids molecule

mixed triacylglycerol

a triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with more than one kind of fatty acids molecule

fat

a triacylglycerol mixture that is solid or semi-solid at room temperature and are obtained from animal sources

oil

a triacylglycerol mixture that is liquid at room temperature and are obtained from plant sources

fat free

refers to less than 0.5g of fat per serving

low fat

refers to 3g or less fat per 50g serving

reduce fat or less fat

refers to at least 25% less fat per serving than the regular food

calorie free

refers to less than 0.5 kilo calories per serving

phospholipid

a lipid that contains one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule to which the fatty acids and the phosphate group are attached, and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group

phosphatidylserine (PS)

a glycerophosphatides used for Alzheimer's disease, age-related decline in mental function, ADHD, improving athletic performance and more

phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (cephalin)

a glycerophosphatides used as a chaperone to help the membrane proteins correctly fold their tertiary structures to function properly

phosphatidylcholine (PC) (lecithin)

a glycerophosphatides that is a major lipid component of lung surfactant

phosphatidylinositol (PI)

a glycerophosphatides that is the primary source of arachidonic acid required for the biosynthesis of eicosanoids

cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol)

a glycerophosphatides required for the maintenance of certain respiratory complexes of the electron transport chain

platelet-activating factor (PAF)

a glycerophosphatides that triggers potent thrombotic and acute inflammatory events

sphingomyelins

a sphingophospholipid in which the alcohol esterified to the phosphate group is choline and are important structural components of myelin sheath

sphingoglycolipids

a lipid that contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate attached to a sphingosine molecule

cerebrosides

the simplest sphingoglycolipid that contains a single monosaccharide unit

ceramide-galactose

the most common cerebroside found in myelin

ceramide-glucose

it is intermediate in the synthesis and degradation of the more complex glycosphingolipids

globosides or ceramide oligosaccharide

a type of glycosphingolipid with more than one sugar as the side chain of ceramide

gangliosides

it is a more complex sphingoglycolipid that occurs in the gray matter of the brain and contains a branched chain of up to seven monosaccharide residues

sulfatides

an acidic glycosphingolipids found predominantly in the brain and kidneys and has a sulfate group in galactose

cholesterol

a C27 steroid alcohol molecule that is a component of a cell membranes and a precursor for other steroid-based lipids and is the most abundant steroid in the human body

LDL

it carries cholesterol from the liver to various cells or tissues in the body and is considered the bad cholesterol

HDL

it carries excess cholesterol from the body tissues back to the liver for the degradation to bile acids

atherosclerosis

a form of cardiovascular disease characterized by the buildup of plaque along the inner walls of the arteries

lipid bilayer

a two-layer thick structure of phospholipids and glycolipids in which the nonpolar tails of the lipids are in the middle of the structure and the polar heads are on the outside surfaces of the structure

integral membrane protein

a membrane protein that penetrates the cell membrane

peripheral membrane protein

a nonpenetrating membrane protein located on the surface of the cell membrane

bile acid

a cholesterol derivative that functions as a lipid-emulsifying agent in the aqueous environment of the digestive tract

hormone

a biochemical substance produced by a ductless gland that has a messenger function and serves as a means of communication between various tissues

estradiol

a type of estrogen most commonly measured for nonpregnant women

estriol

a type of estrogen usually measured only measured in pregnancy

estrone

a type of estrogen that may be measured in women who have gone through menopause to determine their estrogen levels b

eicosanoid

an oxygenated C20 fatty acid derivative that functions as messenger lipid

thromboxanes

a type of eicosanoid that promotes the formation of blood clots

prostaglandin

a type of eicosanoid that raises body temperature, inhibiting the secretion of gastric juices, relaxing and contracting the smooth muscle, and more

biological wax

a lipid that is a monoester of a long chain fatty acid and a long chain of alcohol

carnauba wax

a hard wax whose uses involve high-gloss finishes like automobile wax, boat wax, floor wax, and shoe wax

lanolin

a mixture of waxes obtained from sheep wool and is used as a base for skin creams and ointments used to enhance retention of water

mineral wax

also called paraffin waxes that is a mixture of long-chain alkanes obtained from the processing of petroleum