Thẻ ghi nhớ: SAMPLE W | CRIME | Quizlet

bad nature = personal flaws = personal traits

(n) bản chất xấu, khiếm khuyết cá nhân, đặc điểm cá nhân → Some argue that bad nature = personal flaws = personal traits are the main causes of criminal acts.

social challenges = social issues

(n) thách thức xã hội, vấn đề xã hội → Social challenges = social issues such as poverty and inequality can increase crime rates.

aggression

(n) sự hung hăng → Aggression in childhood is often linked to later antisocial behavior.

white-collar crime

(n) tội phạm kinh tế → White-collar crime, such as insider trading and tax evasion, can often go unnoticed while causing significant economic harm.

urban slums

(n) khu ổ chuột đô thị → Many urban slums lack basic infrastructure and security.

attribute crime to [cause]

(v) quy tội phạm cho [nguyên nhân] → Some criminologists attribute crime to economic inequality.

hold merit

(v) có giá trị, đáng xem xét → This theory holds merit when supported by statistical evidence.

innate moral failings

(n) những khiếm khuyết đạo đức bẩm sinh → Critics argue that innate moral failings drive individuals to commit crimes.

inherently

(adv) vốn dĩ → Not all individuals are inherently inclined to break the law.

commit crimes = break the law

(v) phạm tội, vi phạm pháp luật → People commit crimes = break the law for various reasons, from personal greed to survival needs.

external influences

(n) tác động bên ngoài → External influences such as peer pressure can push youth toward illegal acts.

morally indifferent

(adj) thờ ơ về mặt đạo đức → A morally indifferent attitude may encourage rule-breaking.

fraud

(n) gian lận → The company executives were arrested for fraud or embezzlement after it was discovered they had been diverting funds for personal use.

embezzlement

(n) tham ô → He was charged with embezzlement of public funds.

cases of...support this argument

(phrase) các trường hợp...ủng hộ lập luận này → Cases of repeat offenders support this argument about personal traits influencing crime.

be driven by sth

(v) bị thúc đẩy bởi cái gì → Many crimes are driven by economic desperation.

psychological disorders

(n) rối loạn tâm lý → A psychological disorder, like a severe anxiety condition, can sometimes contribute to an individual's antisocial behavior.

impulsivity

(n) tính bốc đồng → His impulsivity led him to make decisions without considering the long-term consequences, often putting him in trouble.

increase the likelihood of

(v) làm tăng khả năng xảy ra → Poverty increases the likelihood of involvement in petty crime.

antisocial behavior

(n) hành vi chống đối xã hội → Antisocial behavior is often seen in individuals who have experienced significant trauma or neglect during childhood.

regardless of background

(phrase) bất kể hoàn cảnh → Crime can occur regardless of background or education level.

criminal behavior

(n) hành vi phạm tội → Early intervention can prevent the development of criminal behavior.

deprived areas

(n) khu vực nghèo khó → Living in a deprived area can limit access to opportunities such as quality education and employment, making it harder for people to escape poverty.

quality education

(n) giáo dục chất lượng → Providing quality education can reduce youth involvement in crime.

illegal actions

(n) hành vi bất hợp pháp → Individuals living in deprived areas often face limited access to quality education, stable employment, or basic services, which can lead to frustration, desperation, and ultimately, illegal actions.

desperation

(n) sự tuyệt vọng → In times of desperation, some may resort to crime.

push people toward sth

(v) đẩy ai đó về phía cái gì → Social inequality can push people toward theft or drug dealing.

theft

(n) trộm cắp → Theft is one of the most common crimes in urban centers.

drug trafficking

(n) buôn bán ma túy → Drug trafficking is a major issue in many countries.

normalize criminal behavior

(v) bình thường hóa hành vi phạm tội → Growing up in high-crime areas can normalize criminal behavior for young people.

lack positive role models

(v) thiếu hình mẫu tích cực → A lack of positive role models in a child's life can result in poor decision-making and engagement in delinquent activities.

perceived necessity

(n) nhu cầu tưởng như bắt buộc → Stealing food can be a perceived necessity for the homeless.

coping mechanism

(n) cơ chế đối phó → Social pressures create conditions in which crime becomes a coping mechanism or perceived necessity.

address root issues

(v) giải quyết các vấn đề gốc rễ → Social reforms must address root issues like poverty and inequality.

social reform

(n) cải cách xã hội → Social reform is key to reducing crime in marginalized communities.

tax evasion

(n) trốn thuế → Tax evasion is a serious offence punishable by law.

insider trading

(n) giao dịch nội gián → He was convicted of insider trading after leaking confidential company data.

escape poverty

(v) thoát khỏi cảnh nghèo → Education is often seen as the best route to escape poverty.

delinquent activities

(n) các hoạt động phạm pháp (thường của thanh thiếu niên) → Youth delinquent activities are often linked to lack of parental guidance.

incarceration

(n) sự bỏ tù → Incarceration rates have risen significantly over the past decade.

be heralded as

(v) được ca ngợi là → The new prison reform bill was heralded as a breakthrough.

primary response to

(n) phản ứng chính đối với → In many countries, incarceration remains the primary response to criminal activity.

criminal activity

(n) hoạt động tội phạm → Criminal activity in urban areas has increased.

criminal = offender = wrongdoer

(n) tội phạm → The new law aims to rehabilitate criminals = offenders = wrongdoers rather than punish them harshly.

deter wrongdoing

(v) ngăn chặn hành vi sai trái → Strict penalties can deter wrongdoing.

neutralize dangerous individuals

(v) vô hiệu hóa những người nguy hiểm → High-security prisons are designed to neutralize dangerous individuals.

high recidivism

(n) tỷ lệ tái phạm cao → The country struggles with high recidivism despite tougher laws.

socio-economic burdens

(n) gánh nặng kinh tế - xã hội → Maintaining large prison populations creates socio-economic burdens.

standalone punishment

(n) hình phạt đơn lẻ → Critics argue that prison should not be a standalone punishment.

prison's capacity

(n) khả năng của nhà tù → Prison's capacity to deter crime and incapacitate offenders is often cited as its chief virtue.

incapacitate

(v) tước khả năng gây hại cho xã hội (bằng cách giam giữ) → Long sentences are meant to incapacitate repeat offenders.

be cited as sth

(v) được viện dẫn là → Prison's capacity to deter crime is often cited as a reason for maintaining it.

chief virtue

(n) ưu điểm chính → The chief virtue of incarceration is immediate public safety.

confinement

(n) sự giam giữ → Long-term confinement can have psychological effects on inmates.

the looming prospect of

(n) viễn cảnh cận kề → The looming prospect of imprisonment can deter would-be wrongdoers.

would-be wrongdoers = potential offenders

(n) những người có khả năng phạm tội → Harsh sentences can instill fear in would-be wrongdoers = potential offenders.

instill fear

(v) gieo rắc nỗi sợ → The death penalty is intended to instill fear in potential criminals.

be inclined to do sth

(v) có xu hướng làm gì → People without support networks may be inclined to commit offences.

commit offences

(v) phạm tội → Minors who commit offences may receive lighter sentences.

lower crime rates

(v) giảm tỷ lệ tội phạm → Effective rehabilitation can lower crime rates.

serial offenders

(n) tội phạm nhiều lần → Serial offenders are usually kept in high-security wings.

high-security wings

(n) khu giam giữ an ninh cao → Dangerous inmates are placed in high-security wings.

be sequestered

(v) bị cách ly → High-risk prisoners are sequestered from the general population.

safeguard the public

(v) bảo vệ công chúng → Prisons are intended to safeguard the public from dangerous criminals.

isolation

(n) sự cô lập → Long-term isolation can lead to severe mental health issues.

afford communities immediate protection

(v) mang lại sự bảo vệ ngay lập tức cho cộng đồng → Incarceration can afford communities immediate protection from violent offenders.

provide subsidies

(v) cung cấp trợ cấp → The government should provide subsidies for rehabilitation programmes.

fall short (of sth)

(v) không đạt được → Incarceration frequently falls short as a long-term remedy.

prevalence of re-offending

(n) tình trạng tái phạm phổ biến → The prevalence of re-offending shows the limits of prison as a solution.

rehabilitation programmes

(n) các chương trình cải tạo → Well-funded rehabilitation programmes can help reduce recidivism.

inmate

(n) tù nhân → Each inmate is assigned a counsellor for support.

emerge with the same behavioural patterns

(v) trở ra với những thói quen hành vi cũ → Many inmates emerge with the same behavioural patterns that landed them behind bars.

sth land sb behind bars

(v) cái gì đó khiến ai vào tù → Fraudulent activities landed him behind bars for 10 years.

vocational training

(n) đào tạo nghề → Vocational training in prison can help inmates reintegrate into society.

former prisoners

(n) cựu tù nhân → Many former prisoners face discrimination in the job market.

reintegrate

(v) tái hòa nhập → Ex-offenders need support to reintegrate into society.

revert to criminal activity

(v) quay lại con đường phạm pháp → Without support, ex-prisoners may revert to criminal activity.

place a heavy burden on taxpayers

(v) tạo gánh nặng lớn cho người đóng thuế → Overcrowded prisons place a heavy burden on taxpayers.

vast sums

(n) khoản tiền khổng lồ → Vast sums are spent annually on prison upkeep.

prison upkeep

(n) chi phí duy trì nhà tù → Prison upkeep costs millions every year.

underwrite

(v) bảo trợ tài chính → The government must underwrite crime-prevention initiatives.

crime-prevention initiatives

(n) sáng kiến phòng chống tội phạm → Community policing is one of the most effective crime-prevention initiatives.

reduce criminality

(v) giảm tình trạng phạm pháp → Education and employment opportunities can reduce criminality.

perpetuate

(v) kéo dài, duy trì (điều xấu) → Over-reliance on incarceration perpetuates the cycle of crime.

effective deterrent

(n) biện pháp răn đe hiệu quả → Harsh penalties can be an effective deterrent to violent crime.

incapacitation tool

(n) công cụ để tước khả năng gây hại → Prison serves as an incapacitation tool for dangerous offenders.

exorbitant costs

(n) chi phí cực kỳ cao → The exorbitant costs of incarceration have raised concerns among policymakers.

render + adj

(v) khiến cho → Its failure to rehabilitate offenders renders prison ineffective as a singular solution.

deficient

(adj) thiếu sót, không hiệu quả → The current prison system is deficient in addressing the root causes of crime.

targeted rehabilitation

(n) cải tạo có mục tiêu → Targeted rehabilitation helps address specific behavioural issues.

alternative sanctions

(n) hình phạt thay thế → Community service is one of the most common alternative sanctions.

be key drivers to sth = be main contributors to sth

(phrase) là yếu tố chính thúc đẩy cái gì → Poverty and unemployment are key drivers to = main contributors to rising crime rates.

a prison system

(n) hệ thống nhà tù → A prison system should not only punish but also rehabilitate offenders.

allow inmates time to reflect upon their actions

(v) cho tù nhân thời gian suy ngẫm về hành vi → A humane prison system allows inmates time to reflect upon their actions and change.

released prisoners

(n) tù nhân được thả → Support programs are essential for helping released prisoners reintegrate into society.

discriminate against ex-convicts

(v) phân biệt đối xử với người từng phạm tội → Many employers still discriminate against ex-convicts during the hiring process.

be denied many basic needs

(v) bị từ chối nhiều nhu cầu cơ bản → Upon release, some former prisoners are denied many basic needs such as housing and healthcare.

reformed prisoners

(n) tù nhân đã cải tạo → Reformed prisoners deserve a second chance to become productive citizens.

be bound to fall back into a life of crime

(v) có khả năng quay lại con đường tội phạm → Without support, they are bound to fall back into a life of crime.

distinguish right from wrong

(v) phân biệt đúng sai → Children must be taught early to distinguish right from wrong.