The Renaissance

What type of kingdom did the Ottoman Empire begin as?

A small sultanate (a Muslim kingdom)

What religion inspired the Ottoman Empire?

Islam

What empire did the small sultanate replace as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean?

The Byzantine Empire

Why was Constantinople so important?

It was an important crossroads and trading center

Why did the Ottoman Empire conquer the Byzantine Empire?

The Ottoman kingdom would become an empire with control of the Mediterranean Sea and easy access to the Middle East and Europe

What did the Ottoman Empire use to conquer the Byzantine Empire?

Gunpowder - used gunpowder weaponry like cannons

What else did the Ottoman Empire have to help them conquer the Byzantine Empire?

well-organized army and strong leadership

What impact did the Fall of Constantinople have on trade routes?

Constantinople was a major hub of trade routes between Europe and Asia, so it forced Europeans to seek new routes to Asia, which led to the Age of Exploration and the discovery of the Americas

What impact did the Fall of Constantinople have on the migration of Greek intellectuals to Western Europe?

Greek scholars moved to Western Europe and brought ancient Greek texts and knowledge which helped lead to the Renaissance

How did the fall of Byzantine Empire lead to the Renaissance?

The Byzantine Empire falls and scholars flee to Italy w/ texts about art and science from ancient world

How did knights coming back from the Crusaders led to the Renaissance?

Knights had brought back knowledge from the Crusades

How did European interest in ancient culture lead to the Renaissance?

Europeans were now interested in ancient culture and its suddenly re-born (Rebirth of Roman and Greek culture)

What are the characteristics of the Renaissance?

• Refined, more realistic sense of art

• Advancements in science, anatomy, and math

• Advancements in architecture

• Higher fashion made from materials imported from the Middle East and Asia

• Revival of theater

What did world trade between Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa led to?

The growth of large city-states in northern Italy, so Italy was the place for the Renaissance

What class developed in Italy in the Renaissance?

Wealthy merchant class developed = merchants began to pursue other interests, such as art

Who was the Medici Family?

The Medici's were a powerful family that came to rule Florence during the Renaissance

What did the Medici family start as in Italy?

Started as merchants and opened banks throughout Italy

How did the Medici family eventually control the government?

Controlled members of government by giving them loans through banks

What is humanism?

An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements, and pursuit of knowledge

What did Humanists study instead of Christian teachings?

Instead of studying Christian teachings, Humanists studied Roman and Greek literature, poetry, history, and philosphy

What did Humanists shift away from?

Shifted thought away from religion and towards what humans can accomplish here on Earth

What is secularism?

Separation of church and state

What was secular achievement?

Something achieved without religion, like a painting or sculpture

What was the basic spirit of the Renaissance?

The basic spirit of the Renaissance society was secular, worldy rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now

What did Renaissance art portray?

Renaissance artists portrayed religious subjects, but they used a realistic style coped from classical (Greek and Roman) styles

What was realism?

Painting people or things realistically/how they look in real life

Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?

An Italian statesman from Florence

What did Niccolo Machiavelli write?

Author of The Prince, which explains how to gain and keep political power

What did Niccolo Machiavelli disagree that leaders should follow?

Disagreed that leaders should follow traditional moral/Christian methods

What did Niccolo Machiavelli argue about people?

Argued that people are naturally selfish, so rulers should forget morals and do whatever it takes to maintain power - even if it requires using cruel or fear-inciting methods

What was block printing?

The Chinese invented block printing = words or letters on a wooden block, add ink = print on paper

What was the movable type?

1054 Chinese invented movable type = each Chinese character could be moved around on a block

How was the movable type more practical for Europeans?

Movable type was more practical for Europeans b/c their languages have very small number in their alphabet

Who was the printing press created by?

Created in 1450 by Johannes Gutenberg

How did the printing press work?

Metal letters were lined up to create words, then dipped in ink, then pressed neatly onto paper by a machine

How was the printing press effective for printing?

Thousands of copies of books can now be made in a very short period of time

How was the printing press effective for peoples skills?

More people can now learn to read and ideas and knowledge spread like fire

How did the printing press impact society?

Printing changed society by making more information available and inexpensive

How did the printing press led to a greater desire for learning?

Greater availability of books = increased desire for learning and a rise in literacy

How did the printing press led to new discoveries?

Published accounts of new discoveries and maps led to further discoveries

How did the printing press make laws more effective?

Published laws = laws clear so that people were more likely to understand their rights

What ideas challenged Church authority during the Protestant Reformation?

The Renaissance ideas of humanism and secularism challenged Church authority

What were some criticisms of the Church?

• Many hated to pay church taxes

• Critics of the church claimed that clergy were corrupt

How did priests act that made people criticize the Church?

Many priests and monks were poorly educated. Many broke their priestly vows by marrying, drinking, and gambling

Who was Martin Luther?

• Monk and professor of theology

• Author of the Ninety-five Theses

What were the 95 Theses?

Martin Luther nails 95 arguments about the Church's corruption to a church door in Germany, says we have to change things

How did the printing press help spread 95 Theses and what does it spark?

Printing press copies and spreads 95 Theses all over Europe and sparks a Revolution

What were Indulgences?

Money you paid to the Catholic Church in exchange for forgiveness of sins

How could you use indulgences for loved ones?

You could also "pay" for a loved one to get into Heaven

What did Martin Luther think about salvation?

People could win salvation just by faith in God's gift of forgiveness

What did Martin Luther think about people needing priests?

All people with faith were equal, so people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them

What did Martin Luther ban and permit?

• Banned indulgences, confession, and prayer to saints

• Permitted the clergy to marry

What was the Edict of Worms?

Declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic

What happened to Luther's books?

Many of Luther's books were burned

What did Luther translate while he was in hiding?

Luther goes into hiding and translated the New Testament into German

What religion was formed by Luther and his followers?

Luther and his followers create new, separate religious groups, called Lutherans

Who was John Calvin?

A French follower of Martin Luther who believed in Predestination and theocracy

What is Predestination?

God has determined whether a person is destined for heaven or hell when they are born

What is theocracy?

A government controlled by religious leaders

Who was King Henry VIII?

Henry VIII became King of England in 1509 and was a devout Catholic

What title did Henry VIII earn from the Pope for criticizing Martin Luther?

Pope gave him the title "Defender of the Faith"

Who did Henry VIII marry first and who was their daughter?

Henry was married to Catherine of Aragon and they had one daughter, Mary

Why did Henry VIII want a male heir?

Henry was afraid that without a male heir England would face a civil war when he died.

What did Henry VIII ask of the Pope because he wanted a male heir?

Henry asked the Pope to grant him a divorce from Catherine, but Pope refuses.

What does Henry VIII issue after the Pope refuses him a divorce?

Issues "The Act of Supremacy" = Henry cut the Pope out of England and created his own Church with him as the leader = Church of England

What was one effect of the Protestant Reformation on church spread?

Protestant churches spread throughout Europe.

How did the Protestant Reformation affect Bible accessibility?

More people can read the Bible due to the printing press and translations from Latin to other languages.

What happened to the power of the Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?

The power of the Catholic Church declined.

What was the effect of the Protestant Reformation on monarchs?

The power of monarchs (kings and queens) increased.

What was a social consequence of the Protestant Reformation in Europe?

There was an end of religious unity in Europe.

What type of violence increased as a result of the Protestant Reformation?

There was lots of religious violence.

What is the scientific method?

A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century

What is the geocentric model?

An outdated description of the universe with Earth at the center where the sun, moon, stars, and planets all orbited Earth

Who was Nicolaus Copernicus?

Polish astronomer who first proposed the heliocentric model

What is the heliocentric model?

The planets revolve around a fixed sun in the center of the solar system

Who was Galileo?

Italian scientist and scholar

What did Galileo construct that supported Copernicus' theory?

Constructed a telescope and supported Copernicus' theory which supports a sun-centered solar system

What did the Catholic Church do about Galileo's findings?

Galileo was accused twice of heresy by the Church for his beliefs

Who was Sir Isaac Newton?

English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author, and physicist

What did Sir Isaac Newton find?

Newton experienced his famous inspiration of gravity with the falling apple