Honors Biology Cell Cycle

What are the three stages of interphase in order?

G1, S, and G2.

What phases would you find as being a part for the M Phase of the cell cycle.

Mitosis(prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and cytokinesis.

What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

Mitosis is the process of nuclear division where the duplicated chromosomes are separated into two nuclei, while cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

What is a cell plate?

A structure that forms during plant cell cytokinesis, creating a barrier that divides the cell into two daughter cells.

What is a daughter cell and where do daughter cells come from?

It is the new genetically identical cell produced when a single parent cell divides through mitosis or meiosis.

What is the function of the G1 phase in Interphase?

Cell grows and preforms normal functions, problematic cells will perform apoptosis.

What is the function of the S phase during Interphase?

DNA replication(synthesis)

What is the function of the G2 phase during Interphase?

Cell prepares for mitosis. Checks if DNA is replicated correctly, if there’s enough resources to continue.

What is the function of the M phase?

Produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells from 1 parent cell. It helps facilitate growth in multicellular organisms, and repairs damaged tissues.

Chromosome

Condensed form of DNA that is visible during cell division.

Sister chromatids

The 2 copies of DNA that make up the chromosome and are separated into the 2 daughter cells during cell division.

Centromere

Where the 2 sister chromatids attach

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible as chromatin condenses. Centriols separate and move to opposite poles. Spindle begins to form between centriols. Nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Metaphase

Centriols are at poles. Chromosomes line up in the middle along the equator. Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes on the centromere.

Anaphase

Spindle fibers break centromere and pull sister chromatids apart towards each centriol. Each sister chromatid has all the genetic info on that chromosome.

Telophase

Nuclear envelope reforms around each group of sister chromatids creating 2 nuclei. Spindle fibers break down. Nucleolus reappear in each nuclei. Chromosomes loosen and become chromatin.

How do daughter cells of mitosis compare with their parent cells?

They’re identical.

When does your body use mitosis to produce new cells?

During growth, repairing damaged tissues(injury), or replace old cells.

How many daughter cells does mitosis produce?

2

When is the cytoplasm divided, during M phase or Interphase?

M Phase

When does the cell grow and prepare for cellular division, during the M phase or Interphase?

Interphase

What is the longest place of the entire cell cycle?

Interphase

If a cell contains 20 chromosomes and undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes will each daughter cells contain?

20 chromosomes

Is mitosis sexual or asexual?

Asexual

Is cytokinesis a part of mitosis?

No

Are chromosomes visible during interphase? Why or why not?

Chromosomes are not visible during interphase because the DNA is in a loose, uncoiled state called chromatin.

What is cytokinesis? If cytokinesis is taking place what event must have just ended?

It’s when the cytoplasm of a parent cell splits into 2 identical daughter cells. If cytokinesis had just occurred, mitosis must have just ended.

What is the ratio of surface area to volume of a 2cm cell?

3:1

How does a high ratio of surface area to volume benefit the cell?

By maximizing the efficiency of material exchange, allowing for rapid nutrient uptake, faster waste removal, and better metabolic efficiency.

What is the cell cycle regulated by?

Cyclins and P53.

Do cancer cells spend much time in interphase?

Yes

What is cancer caused by?

Carcinogens

Carcinogens

Substances that are known to cause cancer.

Examples of carcinogens

Tobacco, asbestos, radiation, UV radiation.

What is the role of cycling dependent kinases(CDK’s) in the cell cycle?

Cycling dependent kinases (CDKs) are enzymes that regulate the progression of the cell cycle by phosphorylating target proteins, enabling the cell to transition between different phases of the cycle. (ensures cell cycle moves in an orderly manner)

Stem Cells

Unspecialized cells that can develope into specialized cells under the right conditions.

Describe a possible application for stem cells as a medical use.

Stem cells can be used to regenerate damaged tissues or organs, such as in the treatment of spinal cord injuries or degenerative diseases.

Explain the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent(they can grow into any kind of tissue in the body), whereas adult stem cells are found in specific tissues to replenish specialized cells and have more limited differentiation.

Cyclins

A group of proteins which regulate the timing of the cell cycle.

What is P53?

P53 is a tumor suppressor protein that regulates the cell cycle and prevents genetic mutations.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death(self destruction). Protects cells from developing cancerous growth. Cell shrinks and shrivels.

Formula for surface area

Length x Width x Number of Sides

Formula for volume

Length x Width x Height

How does a cell solve the limits to cell growth problem?

Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large. Also it allows you to grow and replace cells.

How do cancer cells kill an organism?

By crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.