Biological Classification (INCOMPLETE)

In Progress (Have to do Sporozoans) Anyway for when this is ready: Comprehensive Biology flashcards that you would need for IAT or NCERT! It probably has some out of syllabus stuff so just star the terms that you want and revise from those. Revise only from the "Answer with Definition" option, for question types, choose only "Flashcards". I've included both ways. Let me know if you would like to change or add something!

Who is the father of Biology?

Aristotle

Who coined the term “Biology”? In what year?

Lamarck and Treviranus in 1802.

Who is the father of Botany?

Theophrastus

Who is the Father of Zoology?

Aristotle

What is Classification?

An arrangement of living organisms according to their common characteristics and placing the group within taxonomic hierarchy.

What is Taxonomy?

The branch of science which deals with description, nomenclature, identification and classification of organisms is called taxonomy.

What are the major branches of Taxonomy?

1. Numerical Taxonomy

2. Cytotaxonomy

3. Chemotaxonomy

What is Numerical Taxonomy?

It is based on all observable characteristics. Number and codes are assigned to characters and data is processed through computers.

What is Cytotaxonomy?

In this taxonomy, the detailed cytological information is used to categorise organisms.

What is Chemotaxonomy?

The chemical constituents are taken as the basis for classification of organisms.

What is Artificial or Prior Classification?

In this system of classification one or very few characters are considered as the key feature of classification. This classification system never throws light on affinities or relationships between the organisms.

What is Natural or Phenetic Classification?

The classification system in which organisms are classified on the basis of their permanent vegetative characters. In this classification system, the grouping of heterogenous groups (unrelated) of organisms is avoided.

What is Cladistic or Phylogenetic Classification?

Cladistics is a method of classification of organisms based upon their genetic and ancestral relationships, which are more scientific and natural.

What is the meaning of Monophyletic?

One Ancestry

What is the meaning of Polyphyletic?

the organism derived from two ancestors

What is the meaning of Paraphyletic?

the organism does not include all the descendents of common ancestor.

The Five-Kingdom Classification was proposed by?

RH Whittaker

What are the five kingdoms under Five-Kingdom Classification?

1. Monera

2. Protista

3. Fungi

4. Animalia

5. Plantae

The Two-Kingdom Classification was proposed by?

Carolus Linnaeus

What were the merits of Two-Kingdom Classification?

Photosynthetic organisms were included into plant kingdom and non-photosynthetic organisms were included into animal kingdom.

What were the demerits of Two-Kingdom Classification?

Some organisms do not fall naturally either into plant or animal kingdom or share characteristics of both.

Who proposed the Three-Kingdom Classification?

Ernst Haeckel

What were the three kingdoms under Three-Kingdom Classification?

1. Animalia

2. Plantae

3. Protista

What were the merits of Three-Kingdom Classification?

Created a third kingdom which includes unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms and some multicellular organisms.

What were the demerits of Three-Kingdom Classification?

Monerans were not placed correctly.

Who proposed the Four-Kingdom Classification?

Copeland

What were the four kingdoms under Four-Kingdom Classification?

1. Monera

2. Protista

3. Animalia

4. Plantae

What were the merits of Four-Kingdom Classification?

Monerans were placed separately along with other kingdoms.

What were the demerits of Four-Kingdom Classification?

Monerans were not subdivided in Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

Who proposed Six-Kingdom Classification?

Carl Woese

What are the six kingdoms under Six-Kingdom Classification?

1. Archaebacteria

2. Eubacteria

3. Protista

4. Fungi

5. Animalia

6. Plantae

What are the merits of the Six-Kingdom Classification?

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria were separately placed.

What is the characteristic of Kingdom Monera?

Prokaryotic, Unicellular Organisms

Bacteria do not contain cell wall. True or false?

False, bacteria DO contain cell wall.

Theee are approximately ______ species of bacteria, with cosmopolitan occurrence.

4000

An average weight human (~ 70 kg) has about _____ kg of bacteria in the form of gut microflora to supplement the proper digestion and other metabolic functions.

2.5

Archaebacteria have a cell wall made up of:

protein and non-cellulosic polysaccharides.

Archaebacteria are the group of most primitive prokaryote. True or false?

true.

What makes Archaebacteria a unique subsection of Bacteria?

The presence of 16 srRNA, makes them unique and helps in placing in a separate domain called archaea between bacteria and eukarya.

They are also known as __________, because they represent the earliest form of life on earth.

living fossils

Why are archaebacteria known as living fossils?

because they represent the earliest form of life on earth.

Name three things Archaebacteria can be used for.

1. Experimentation for absorption of solar radiation.

2. Production of gobar gas from dung and sewage.

3. Fermentation of cellulose in ruminants.

Why are Eubacteria known as “true bacteria”?

Eubacteria are ‘true bacteria’ which lack nucleus and membrane bound organalles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc.

Name the five phylums that Eubacteria are divided into.

1. Spirochetes

2. Chlamydias

3. Gram-Positive bacteria

4. Cyanobacteria

5. Proteobacteria

What is Nutrition?

The process of acquiring energy and nutrients, is called nutrition.

On the basis of mode of nutrition, bacteria are of two types– ____________ and ____________.

Autotrophic and Heterotrophic.

What percentage of bacteria show autotrophic mode of nutrition?

1%

What percentage of bacteria show heterotrophic mode of nutrition?

99%

How do Chemosynthetic bacteria acquire energy?

Chemosynthetic bacteria oxidise various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia and use the released energy for their ATP production.