Human Geo Unit 2 Test

Population Density

Measure of population per area of land (varies depending on type used)

Super-clusters

1. East Asia 2. South Asia 3. SE Asia 4. Europe

(Maybes: Eastern US, West Africa)

Arithmetic Density

Total population divided by total land area; gives an average population per unit of land.

Physiological Density

Population divided by arable (farmable) land; shows pressure on productive land.

Agricultural Density:

Number of farmers divided by arable land; shows efficiency of farming and development.

Population Distribution:

The pattern of where people live on Earth’s surface.

Ecumene:

The permanently inhabited areas of the Earth.

Physical Factors

1. Climate

2. Landforms

3. Water

4. Natural Resources

Human Factors

1. Job opportunities

2. Culture

3. History

4. Politics

Ideal

 Low elevation, fertile soil, temperate climate with a close body of water. NOT the 5-toos"

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size an environment can sustainably support. (Extreme: People will die or nature will die)

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of dependents (young + elderly) to the working-age population.

Population Composition

The demographic makeup of a population including age, sex, and other traits.

Highest Total Populations

1. China

2. India

3. USA

4. Indonesia

5. Pakistan

6. Nigeria

7. Brazil

8. Bangladesh

9. Russia

10. Ethiopia

*China and India have more people than 3-7 combined…each

CBR (Crude Birth Rate)

 Live births per 1,000 people per year.

• Stage 1: Very High (35–40+)

• Stage 2: High (30–40)

• Stage 3: Declining (15–30)

• Stage 4: Low (10–15)

Stage 5: Very Low (<10)

CDR (Crude Death Rate)

Deaths per 1,000 people per year.

• Stage 1: Very High (35–40+)

• Stage 2: Rapidly Declining (15–25)

• Stage 3: Low (10–15)

• Stage 4: Low (8–12)
  Stage 5: Low to Slight Increase (8–12

IMR (Infant Mortality Rate

 Deaths of infants under age one per 1,000 live births.

• Stage 1: Very High (100+)

• Stage 2: Declining (50–100)

• Stage 3: Low (20–50)

• Stage 4: Very Low (<10)

• Stage 5: Very Low (<5)

TFR (Total Fertility Rate

 Average number of children a woman is expected to have.

• Stage 1: Very High (5–7)

• Stage 2: High (4–6)

• Stage 3: Moderate (2–4)

• Stage 4: Low (≈2.1, replacement level)

• Stage 5: Very Low (<2.0)

NIR/RNI (Natural Increase Rate

 Percentage growth of population per year (CBR – CDR).

• Stage 1: Low/Negative (0% or less)

• Stage 2: Very High (1.5–3.5%)

• Stage 3: Moderate (1–2%)

• Stage 4: Low/Zero (0–1%)

• Stage 5: Zero/Negative (<0%)

Malthusian Theory:

Thomas Malthus predicted population grows faster than food supply, leading to famine. (WRONG! = 2nd Ag Rev)

Boserup Theory

 argued that population growth stimulates innovation in agriculture, leading to new farming methods and technologies that increase food production.

Neo-Malthusians:

Modern theorists warning of resource depletion, pollution, and environmental limits to growth.

Stages of the DTM:

Model of population change from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates.

Epidemiologic Transition

 Shift in disease patterns from infectious to chronic as societies develop.

Pro-Natalist Policy:

Government support to encourage more births (e.g., France’s childcare subsidies).

 Anti-Natalist Policy:

Policies to reduce births

Immigration Policy:

Government rules about allowing migrants into a country.

Gender Roles

Cultural expectations for men and women.

Education of Women:

Schooling for women, linked to lower fertility rates.

Female Labor Force Participation:

Women in jobs outside the home.

Impact on Fertility:

Greater education and jobs lower fertility rates.

Aging Population:

Population with rising share of elderly.

Dependency Ratio (Elderly):

 Ratio of elderly dependents to working-age population.

Social Services Strain:

Pressure on healthcare, pensions, and support systems.

Economic Challenges:

Fewer workers, more retirees; can slow growth.

Pro-Natalist Responses:

Encouraging higher fertility or immigration to balance population.

Internal Migration:

Movement within a country.

Voluntary Migration:

Movement by choice, often for jobs or opportunities.

Step Migration

 Migration in stages, e.g., rural to town to city.

Chain Migration

Migrants follow family/friends to a new area.

Circular Migration

Temporary, repeated movement between home and host area.

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of livestock between pastures.

Transnational Migration:

Migration across national borders.

Push Factors:

Conditions driving people to leave (e.g., war, poverty).

Pull Factors

Conditions attracting people (e.g., jobs, safety).

intervening Obstacles

Barriers like borders, costs, or policies.

Intervening Opportunities

Alternative destinations that attract migrants before they reach their intended place.

Brain Drain

Loss of highly educated/skilled workers from a country.

Guest Worker:

Temporary migrant laborers, often in Europe or Gulf States.

 Remittances

Money sent back home by migrants.

Cultural Diffusion:

Spread of cultural traits due to migration.

Policy Responses:

Government actions to migration (quotas, asylum laws).

STAGE 2

 HIGH net-out, PUSHES

- Interregional (Rural → Urban), factory work/jobs

STAGE 3

DECREASING net-out, but net-in from stage 2 countries begins

-Interregional (Urban → Urban), skilled jobs

STAGE 4

HIGH net-in, PULLS

-Intraregional (Urban → Suburban)

 Refugees

People forced to flee across borders due to persecution/conflict.

Asylum Seekers:

People applying for refugee status in another country.

internally Displaced Person

People forced to move but remain within their country.

Ravenstein's laws

1. Most migrants move only a short distance (technology has reduced the need)

2. Long-distance migrants often move to major economic centers.

3. Step Migration- migrants typically move in steps (village → town → city).

4. Counter migration- every migration flow produces a counter flow

5. Men typically migrate long distances (international), but women tend to migrate more with short distances (internal)

6. Migration occurs in chains, often building community networks.

7. Economics is the main cause of migration

8. Most migrants are young adults, not families.

9. Large towns grow more by migration than natural increase

10. Migration increases with urban development

11. Urban residents are less migratory than rural ones.

Uighurs (Xinjiang, China)

• What Happened: The Uighurs are a Muslim ethnic minority living in China’s Xinjiang region. The Chinese government has been accused of mass detentions, surveillance, and forced “re-education” since 2017.

• Migration Connection: Many Uighurs have fled to nearby countries (Kazakhstan, Turkey) as refugees of cultural persecution. This is an example of forced migration due to political oppression and ethnic cleansing.

• Key Concepts: Forced migration, cultural conflict, human rights, stateless persons.

Rohingya (Myanmar/Bangladesh)

• What Happened: The Rohingya are a Muslim minority in Buddhist-majority Myanmar. In 2017, the Myanmar military carried out mass violence and destruction of Rohingya villages.

• Migration Connection: Over 1 million Rohingya fled to Bangladesh, creating one of the world’s largest refugee crises. They are considered stateless, as Myanmar denies them citizenship.

• Key Concepts: Ethnic cleansing, statelessness, forced migration, refugee camps, regional migration flows.

Civil War in Syria

• What Happened: Starting in 2011, a civil war broke out between the Assad government, rebel groups, and extremist factions. The fighting destroyed cities like Aleppo and displaced millions.

• Migration Connection: Over 12 million Syrians (half the population) have fled — some internally displaced, others escaping to Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, and Europe.

• Key Concepts: Refugees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), forced migration, political conflict, push factors (war, instability

War in Ukraine

• What Happened: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 forced millions to flee bombings, destruction, and occupation.

• Migration Connection: Over 6 million refugees have left Ukraine for other European countries, while millions more are internally displaced. It’s the largest European migration crisis since World War II.

• Key Concepts: Political conflict, forced migration, international migration, refugee policies (EU, UNHCR).

Civil War in Sudan

• What Happened: Sudan has faced ongoing violence between the military and the Rapid Support Forces since 2023, following decades of instability and a prior north–south split (Sudan vs. South Sudan).

• Migration Connection: Millions have been displaced — many crossing into Chad, Egypt, and South Sudan. Refugees flee violence, famine, and economic collapse.

• Key Concepts: Forced migration, internal displacement, push factors (war, insecurity, food shortage).

Jewish Diaspora

• What Happened: The term refers to the scattering of Jewish people from their homeland (ancient Israel) after conquests by the Babylonians (6th century BCE) and Romans (70 CE).

• Migration Connection: Over centuries, Jews migrated across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East — often due to persecution. In the 20th century, many migrated again to the U.S. and Israel.

• Key Concepts: Historical migration, diaspora, cultural diffusion, relocation diffusion, ethnic enclaves.

Rwandan Genocide (Hutus and Tutsis, 1994)

• What Happened: In 1994, tensions between the Hutu majority and Tutsi minority erupted into genocide. Around 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed in 100 days.

• Migration Connection: Over 2 million refugees fled to neighboring countries (Congo, Tanzania, Uganda). The crisis reshaped the region’s population geography and created ongoing instability.

• Key Concepts: Forced migration, refugee crisis, ethnic conflict, cultural boundaries, demographic impact.