Renal Pulmonary Physiopathology Midterm Review

What are the components of the conducting zone?

Nose

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

bronchi

bronchioles

T or F: Some gas exchange is performed in the conducting zone

False (none)

What are the components of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

How many bifurcations occur before the terminal bronchi are reached?

23

What are the components of the respiratory zone?

Alveoli, Alveolar sac, Alveolar duct, respiratory bronchioles

What connects the respiratory bronchiole to the alveolar sac?

Alveolar duct

What is the name of the branch that comes after the terminal bronchiole?

Respiratory bronchiole

What part of the trachea is in direct contact with the esophagus

Trachealis muscle

What shape is the tracheal cartilage?

C shaped

T or F: The trachealis muscle is posterior to the esophagus

False (it is anterior)

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis made of?

Elastic cartilage

At what vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage?

C6

At what vertebral level is the thyroid cartilage?

C4

At what vertebral level is the hyoid bone?

C4 (the cornea are at C3)

At what vertebral level is the carina of the trachea?

T4

What type of cells line the passage of the nose to the bronchi?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Which primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more verteical?

Right

Which primary bronchus more commonly aspirates food?

Right

Which bronchi are AKA "Lobar"?

Secondary

How many secondary bronchi are in the right lung?

3

How many secondary bronchi are in the left lung?

2

Which bronchi are AKA "segmental"?

Tertiary bronchi

At what age are the lungs fully developed?

8 yo

What type of cells are type 1 alveolar cells made of?

Simple squamous epithelium

What type of cells are type 2 alveolar cells made of?

simple cuboidal epithelium

What is the function of type 1 alveolar cells?

gas exchange

What is the function of type 2 alveolar cells?

secrete surfactant

What connects adjacent alveoli?

Alveolar pores

What is the function of alveolar pores?

Allow for equal pressure between alveoli and allows for different pathways around blockages

What is the name of macrophages in the lungs?

Dust cells

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

14.7 PSI / 760 mmHg

What is the pressure in the pleural membranes?

756 mmHg (4 less than the environment)

What is the name of the condition where air gets into the pleural cavity?

Pneumothorax

How much does pressure increase with every 33 feet below sea level?

1 ATM (14.7 PSI)

What is the name of the condition where lymph fluid gets in between the pleura?

Chylothorax

What is the name of the condition where blood gets in between the pleura?

Hemothorax

What is the name of the condition where purulent exudate gets in between the pleura?

Pyothorax

What is Boyle's law?

P1V1 = P2V2 (when temperature is constant)

What is Dalton's law of partial pressure?

the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of all the gases in the mixture

What is the % of Nitrogen in air?

78.6%

What is the % of Oxygen in air?

20.9%

What is the % of H2O in air?

0.46%

What is the % of CO2 in air?

0.04%

What is the composition of surfactant?

Phospholipids (80%)

Neutral lipids (10%)

Protein (10%)

What is the function of surfactant?

Allows expansion of the alveoli by decreasing surface tension

What is IRDS?

Infantile respiratory distress syndrome

What is the typical cause of IRDS?

premature birth

What is the pathophysiology of IRDS?

Type 2 alveolar cells are not mature enough to produce surfactant

What are the muscles of expiration?

Internal intercostals

Innermost intercostals

Serratos posterior inferior

Quadratus lumborum

Abdominals

Sternocostalis

What are the muscles of inspiration?

External interscostals

Subcostalis

diaphragm

SCM

Scalenes

Serratus posterior superior

What is tidal volume?

500 ml (the amount of air inhaled/exhaled under normal resting conditions in a single breath)

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

3100 ml (the amount of air forcefully inhaled following a tidal volume inhalation)

What is expiratory reserve volume)

1200 ml (the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a tidal exhalation)

What is residual volume?

1200 ml (volume following an ERV exhalation)

What is the ratio of the values of total lung capacity in females to males?

Females have about 80% total lung capacity of men

What is the equation of total lung capacity?

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

(500 + 3100 + 1200 + 1200)

What is total lung capacity?

6000 ml

What is vital capacity?

4800 ml

(Everything you can breath in and out without forcing the last of the air out)

What is the equation for vital capacity?

TV + IRV + ERV

(500 + 3100 + 1200)

What is the equation for inspiratory capacity?

TV + IRV

(500 + 3100)

What is inspiratory capacity?

3600 ml

What is the equation for functional residual capacity?

ERV + RV

(1200 + 1200)

What is Functional residual capacity?

2400 ml

What is anatomical dead space?

150 ml (the amount of air that stays in the conducting zone during tidal volume)

What is alveolar dead space?

Destroyed alveoli in the presence of disease

What is the equation for total dead space?

Alveolar dead space + anatomical dead space

How many different kinds of anemia are there?

400+

What is the cause of anemic hypoxia?

Reduction of vitamin B-12, iron, or sickle cell disease

What is the cause of ischemic/stagnant hypoxia?

Reduced blood flow

What is "full body" ischemic hypoxia?

atherosclerosis or congestive heart failure

What kind of hypoxia is caused by cyanide/arsenic poisoning?

Histotoxic hypoxia

What kind of hypoxia is caused by pulmonary diseases?

Hypoxic hypoxia

What are the main causes of hypoxic hypoxia?

Pneumonia, emphysema, carbon monoxide poisoning

What causes headaches, nausea, vomiting, and a cherry red colour of the skin?

Carbon monoxide poisoning

What is an example of non-respiratory air movement in the body?

Talking

What is the term for transport of oxygen and CO2 to and from the lungs?

External respiration

What is the term for transport of oxygen and CO2 to and from body tissues?

Internal respiration

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues?

40 mmHg

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs?

100 mmHg

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the tissues?

45 mmHg

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs?

40 mmHg

What % of total body weight does blood make up?

8%

What is the temperature of blood in the body?

97.6-99.6 F (36.4-37.5 C)

What temperature is considered a fever?

100.4 F / 38 C

What the pH of human blood?

7.35-7.45

What is the volume of blood in the body?

5-6 L

What are the three mechanisms of CO2 transport in the blood?

Bicarbonate ions (60-70%)

Bound to hemoglobin (20-30%)

Dissolved in the blood (7-10%)

How is the majority of CO2 transported in blood?

Bicarbonate ions

How is the least CO2 transported in the blood?

dissolved in the blood

What is hypercapnia?

excessive CO2 in the blood

What causes hypercapnia?

Hypoventilation

What can cause hypoventilation?

Head trauma

Alcohol

Drugs

Too much O2/ too little CO2

What is hypocapnia?

Too little CO2 in the blood

What causes hypocapnia?

Hyperventilation

What is the term for cessation of breathing?

Apnea

What is the term for difficulty breathing?

Dyspnea

What is the most common variant of the larynx and trachea?

Tracheal esophageal fistula

What is the term for a connection of the esophagus and trachea?

Fistula

What bacteria most commonly causes epiglottitis?

haemophilus influenzae type B.

What respiratory infection causes an inspiratory stridor?

Epiglottitis