ANIMAL SCIENCE EXAM

Estrus

(Heat) period of sexual receptivity

Estrous

The period between two consecutive heats, this is a cycle

uterus/uterine horns

regulates cyclicity and house developing conceptus

ovary

contains all potential ova and produces estrogen/progesterone

oviduct

tube that carries ovum and sperm and is the site of fertilization

cervix

a barrier to the external environment

vagina

copulatory organ and is the site of semen deposition

testis

site of sperm and testosterone

scrotum

houses testicles outside of the body cavity and provides protection

accessory sex gland

produces fluid to contribute to semen production, containing nutrients and adjusting the pH of the urethra

Epididymis

houses sperm before ejaculation

vas deferens

transports sperm from epididymis to urethra during ejaculation

penis

copulatory organ

monoestrous

one cycle for the year

polyestrous

multiple cycles per year

Cow Cycles

Polyestrous

Sheep cycles

seasonally polyestrous (short day)

Goat Cycles

Seasonally polyestrous (short day)

Horse Cycle

Seasonally polyestrous (long day)

Pig Cycle

Polyestrous

Cat Cycle

Polyestrous

Dog Cycle

Monoestrous

ovulation

release of ovum

Monovular

ovulates one ovum

Polyovular

ovulates more than one ovum

Cow ovulation

monovular

Sheep ovulation

monovular

Goat ovulation

monovular

Horse ovulation

monovular

Pig ovulation

polyovular

Cat ovulation

polyovular

Dog ovulation

polyovular

Fertilization

The joining of two gametes forms a zygote (X is from the dam and XY from the sire). Occurs in the oviduct.

Cow recognition of pregnancy

interferon tau

Sheep recognition of pregenancy

interferon tau

Goat recognition of pregnancy

interferon tau

Horse cognition of pregnancy

movement, proteins

Pig recognition of pregnancy

estrogen

Cat recognition of pregnancy

none

Dog recognition of pregnancy

none

Placenta

develops from embryo. two types zonary and cotyledonary.

Zonary

villi form a zone around the middle of conceptus

cotyledonary

villi located on button-like structures called cotyledons.

Cow gestation

280 days

Sheep gestation

147 days

Goat gestation

150 days

Horse gestation

330 days

Pig gestation

114 days

Cat gestation

65 days

Dog gestation

68 days

Dog parturition

whelping

Cat parturition

kittening or queening

Pig partuirtion

farrowing

sheep parturition

lambing

goats parturition

kidding

cattle parturition

calving

horses partuition

foaling

Who determines the sex of the offspring?

Male except poultry

Sex chromosome

X or Y (Z or W in poultry)

How do we improve genetics within our flock/herd?

Mating strategies: Performance, randomness, genetic relationship (inbreeding, outbreeding, and crossbreeding)

Production Timeline Beef

1.5-2 years

Production timeline Sheep

6-8 months

Production timeline chickens

2-3 months

Production time swine

6 months

Production time goats

3-6 months

Production time rabbits

2-3 months

Production timeline for meat animals

birth to slaughter

Production timeline for poultry

Birth to egg

Production timeline for milk production animals

Birth to breeding/first parturition

Production timeline for wool/fiber animal

Birth to first wool/fiber

What is the passageway from feeds to waste

feeds are digested and turned into nutrients which are absorbed by the tissues and the metabolism turns it into metabolites which through excretion is turned into waste.

What are the six feedstuffs

water, carbs (structural and non-structural), fats, protein, vitamin (water-soluble and fat-soluble), minerals (micro and macro)

Pectin

soluble, more simple, plant “cement”

Hemicellulose

more complex, interspersed with ligin/cellulose

Digestion is complex

variability of linkages and molecules

Cellulose

Long chains of glucose, mostly, foregut fermented

Lignin

associates with cellulose and hemicellulose

Histidine

essential amino acid

Isoleucine

essential amino acid

Leucine

essential amino acid

Methionine

essential amino acid

Phenylalanine

essential amino acid

Threonine

essential amino acid

Tryptophan

essential amino acid

Valine

essential amino acid

Lysine

essential amino acid

Calcium

macro

Phosphorus

macro

Magnesium

Macro

Sulfur

macro

sodium

macro

potassium

macro

chloride

macro

A

Fat soluble

D

fat soluble

E

fat solubleK

K

fat soluble

Ovary (chicken)

contains egg (yolk)

Infunibulum (chicken)

site of fertilization

Magnum (chicken)

addition of albumin