english notes (3rd quarter)

literary criticism

a way to analyze or criticize literary works

parts of a critique

introduction; summary; analysis; conclusion

critical approaches

called ‘lenses’ different perspectives in analyzing or interpreting a text

formalist or structuralist approach

meaning of a text can be determined only by analyzing the literary elements of the text and by understanding how these elements work together to form up a cohesive whole

formalist or structuralist approach

focuses on the structure, form, and style of a literary work. it emphasizes the internal components of the text, such as language, plot, and character, without necessarily considering the historical or cultural context.

historical approach

examines a literary work in its historical context, considering the social, cultural, and political factors that influenced its creation. this approach aims to understand how the historical background shapes the meaning of the text.

historical approach

involves the understanding of the historical and cultural conditions that influences the production of the literary work

moralist approach

conveys a lesson or a message, judges by the ethical teachings of the literary work and how it affects its readers

moralist approach

involves analyzing and evaluating literary works based on their ethical or moral implications. it examines how characters' actions, themes, and the overall narrative contribute to moral lessons or reflect ethical principles.

feminist approach

shows female representation in literature, paying attention to female points of view, their concerns, and values

feminist approach

examines literature with a focus on gender roles, stereotypes, and the representation of women. it seeks to understand how gender dynamics and power relations are portrayed in literary works and how these representations contribute to or challenge societal norms.

marxist approach

interprets literary works through the lens of marxist theory, emphasizing the role of class struggle, economic structures, and power dynamics. it explores how literature reflects and critiques societal inequalities, ideologies, and the impact of economic systems on individuals and groups.

marxist approach

analyzes literature by focusing on class struggle, economic structures, and power dynamics, examining how the work reflects and critiques societal inequalities.

readers-response

focuses on the reader's subjective response to a text. it argues that meaning is not inherent in the text but is constructed by the reader's interpretation and personal experiences.

readers-response

this approach emphasizes the role of the reader in shaping the meaning of a literary work.

opinion

a statement that involves the speakers’ emotions and cannot be proven as true

assertion

a statement that is somewhat true and somewhat false, a confident and forceful statement of fact or belief, full of conviction and tends to influence other people’s perspectives

opinion

cannot be proven as true, a belief of someone, cannot be proven at all

assertion

somewhat true, somewhat false, a belief of someone, may be proven as true or false

fact

it is true and bases on evidence and research and scientific data

opinion

i think, in my opinion, personally, i believe

assertion

does not start with ‘i think’, ‘personally’. these are declarations

claim

synonymous to a belief, argument, and stand

characteristics of a good claim

should be argumentative and debatable, should be specific and focused, interesting and engaging, logical

claims of fact, policy, value

three types of claims

claims of fact

a claim or statement that happened in the past, has existed, exists and will continue to exist

claims of fact

a claim based on data, documents, scientific observation and research

guide question to a claim of fact

did it happen? is it a fact? does it exist? is is true? how can it be proven?

claims of value

a claim that bases on morality; belief, ethics, and philosophy

claims of value

combining stated and limited facts and proving them as either good or bad targeting the readers’ emotions

guide questions to a claim of value

which is good and which is bad? whose standards are used? which ones are more important?

claims of policy

a claim or argument where actions should be carried out

claims of policy

also known as claims of solutions for it suggests and supports policies and solutions, action to be taken is based on the results

claims of policy

a claim wherein the problem and solution is stated: contains the clue word ‘should’ or ‘must’

guide questions to a claim of policy

what should we do? how should we act? how can we save this problem? what course of action should we carry out?

claims of fact

what type of claim is this? “mount everest is the tallest mountain on earth.”

claims of fact

what type of claim is this? “the earth revolves around the sun.”

claims of fact

what type of claim is this? “severe cases of covid-19 can lead to respiratory failure and other complications.”

claims of fact

what type of claim is this? “the emergence of covid-19 as a global pandemic has underscored the importance of international cooperation in addressing public health crises.”

claims of value

what type of claim is this? “equality and justice are essential values for a fair and harmonious society.”

claims of value

what type of claim is this? “kindness is an important value that fosters positive relationships in society.”

claims of value

what type of claim is this? “self-care is not just a luxury but a societal value, recognizing the importance of mental and physical well-being as foundational to overall personal and professional success.”

claims of value

what type of claim is this? “youtube is more entertaining than tiktok.”

claims of policy

what type of claim is this? “schools should provide better resources and support for mental health.”

claims of policy

what type of claim is this? “communities should invest in renewable energy to reduce our impact on the environment.”

claims of policy

what type of claim is this? “addressing plastic pollution requires enforcing strict regulations on single-use plastics to protect our oceans and marine ecosystems.”

claims of policy

what type of claim is this? “worsening urban traffic congestion can be addressed by promoting efficient public transportation systems and investing in infrastructure.”

claims of policy

what type of claim is this? “the proliferation of misinformation on social media necessitates the implementation of effective content moderation strategies to safeguard public trust in information sources.”

affirm

agreeing or positive

negate

disagreeing or negative

oxford-oregon debate

a type or format of debate that is widely used in academic competitions across the world

three main parts of oxford-oregon debate

constructive speech, interpellation, rebuttals

4 minutes

number of minutes given to a speaker to deliver his/her constructive speech

2 minutes

number of minutes given to a speaker to cross-examine the opposing speaker

constructive speech

a speech that a speaker delivers that consists of his/her statement and stands on a certain topic

interpellation or cross-examination

portion of the debate where the opposing speaker gets to ask categorical questions towards the other speaker

rebuttal

a refutation or contradiction

jean valjean

main protagonist and former convict who seeks redemption and undergoes a transformation after being shown kindness by a bishop

javert

the main antagonist, a police inspector who relentlessly pursues jean valjean throughout the story due to his uncompromising sense of justice

fantine

young woman who faces hardships and sacrifices for the well-being of her daughter, cosette. she is a symbol of maternal sacrifice

fantine

was impregnated by a young aristocrat who left her upon knowledge of her pregnancy. she let complete strangers raise her daughter for lack of money and food.

fantine

she resorted to prostitution to send money to her daughter’s caretakers.

cosette

fantine's daughter, who is initially mistreated by the thénardiers but later becomes the central focus of jean valjean's care and protection

bishop myriel bienvenu

the kind bishop who shows compassion to jean valjean, leading to valjean's transformation

the miserable

english translation of les miserables

gavroche

a streetwise and courageous young boy who plays a significant part in the june rebellion

gavroche

an orphan by choice, and was always sent by his parents (thenardiers) outside on the streets which he prefers.

gavroche

a young boy who helped the revolutionaries in their cause, and was eventually killed while looking for empty cartridges in the battlefield.

eponine thenardier

was a victim of the thenardiers’ harsh upbringing. she mistreated cosette when they were both young girls. she was forced to steal, lie, and beg on the streets but changed after meeting marius.

eponine thenardier

she was accidentally killed while secretly sending a letter to cosette from marius.

marius pontmercy

a young revolutionary and the love interest of cosette. he becomes entangled in the june rebellion in paris.

monsieur thenardier

an unscrupulous and cunning innkeeper who mistreats cosette and is involved in various criminal activities.

monsieur thenardier

was always blaming society for his impoverished state. owned an inn, but cheated on his customers. after being bankrupt, he started begging and stealing. forces his children to do the same.

monsieur thenardier

he blackmailed fantine, marius, and jean valjean

madame thenardier

thenardier's wife, who is equally dishonest and cruel. she plays a significant role in the mistreatment of cosette

eponine thenardier

the thénardiers' daughter, who has unrequited love for marius

enjolras

a charismatic student leader and revolutionary who plays a key role in organizing the june rebellion

victor hugo

author of les miserables

les miserables

this novel revolves around the concepts of justice, mercy, love, and redemption.

les miserables

the novel explores the impact of societal injustice, the struggle for personal redemption, and the transformative power of love and compassion.

les miserables

a novel that explores human condition amidst the social and political backdrop of 19th-century france

main reason for jean valjean’s imprisonment

stealing a loaf of bread to feed his sister's starving child. this act of theft is driven by compassion and desperation, as valjean's family is facing extreme poverty and hunger. he was imprisoned for nineteen years

candlesticks

given to jean valjean by bishop myriel to symbolize grace, mercy, and the potential for personal redemption