unit 1 Biology Clep

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Ionic

atoms or molecules with an electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.Formed between oppositely charged ions.

Element

A pure substance consisting of only one type of atom, which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.

Molecule

A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Pure Substance

A substance that consists of only one type of matter, either an element or a compound, with a definite chemical composition and properties.

Polar Covalent

A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally between two atoms due to differences in electronegativity, resulting in a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on the other.

Nonpolar Covalent

A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between two atoms because there is little or no difference in electronegativity, resulting in no partial charges on the atoms.

What is a molecule?

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

What is a compound?

A compound is a substance formed when two or more different chemical elements are chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio, such as H_2O (water) or NaCl (table salt).

What is an electron?

An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.

What is a valence shell?

The valence shell is the outermost electron shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons that are involved in chemical bonding.

What is an orbiting shell?

An orbiting shell (or electron shell) is a region of space around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are likely to be found, characterized by a specific energy level.

What is a proton?

A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

What does 'neutral' mean in the context of atoms or charge?

Neutral refers to a state where there is an equal number of positive charges (protons) and negative charges (electrons), resulting in no net electrical charge.

What is an attractive force?

An attractive force is a force that pulls two objects or particles towards each other, such as the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged particles (protons and electrons) or the forces that hold atoms together in a molecule.

What is the relationship between protons and electrons?

Protons are positively charged particles located in the nucleus, while electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus. They are attracted to each other by an electromagnetic force, which helps hold an atom together.

What are chemical bonds?

Chemical bonds are forces that hold atoms together to form molecules or compounds, resulting from the sharing or transfer of electrons between atoms.

What is an ionic bond?

An ionic bond is a chemical bond formed between two atoms by the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other, typically occurring between a metal and a nonmetal.

What is a chemical reaction?

A chemical reaction is a process that involves the rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction.

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system, only transformed from one form to another. Mathematically, it can be expressed as \Delta U = Q - W, where \Delta U is the change in internal energy, Q is the heat added to the system, and W is the work done by the system.

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the total entropy (disorder) of an isolated system can only increase over time, or remain constant in ideal cases; it never decreases. This means that processes tend to move towards a state of greater disorder. One common formulation is \Delta S{total} \ge 0, where \Delta S{total} is the change in total entropy of the universe or isolated system.

Solid is less dense than

Liquid

Acids

Dissolve in water and increase relative H* ion concentration to the solution.

Bases

Dissolves in water and decreases H* ion concentration in solution.

7 Ph means

Neutral

Ph

Shows relative amount of H* ion concentration

Smaller number of ph means

More acidic

Higher number of oh means

More basic

Any molecule containing carbon is called

Organic

Organic molecules

Can obtain other molecules (O,H,N) made of building blocks called monomers

Many monomers linked together form a

Polymer( whole molecule)

4 types of organic molecules

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Made of only carbon oxygen and hydrogen.

Carbohydrates monomers

Monosaccharides Ex.Glucose

Carbon polymer name

Polysaccharide ex. Starch

Lipids

Non polar

Important for energy storage cell structure and signaling

Include fats , oils, waxes and steroids

Main funtion of lipids and what they do

Energy storage - lipids store more energy per gram than carbohydrates.Ex : fat in your body.

Structural Components-Phospholipids make up a cell membrane.

Insulation and protections -fat under the skin keeps you warm. Fat around organs cushions them.

Hormones and signaling-steroids like testosterone and estrogen cholesterol help regulate body functions.