particle nature

describe a solid

particles have low energy and cannot overcome the strong forces of attraction holding them together

describe the movement a solid

Can only vibrate around a fixed point

vibrational and rotational motion

describe a liquid

particles have large amount of energy and can overcome the strong forces of attraction to some extent

describe the movement of a liquid

they can move freely around each other whilst in close proximity

have vibrational, rotational and translational motion

describe a gas

particles have large amounts of energy and can almost completely overcome the strong forces of attraction

describe the movement of gas

they move rapidly and randomly into available space

have vibrational, rotational and translational motion

define the kelvin scale

if temperature decreases, the average kinetic energy of particles decreases

absolute zero (0K) is lowest possible temperature as all motion of particles has stopped

Converting Celsius into kelvin

add 273

Physical Changes: State of Matter

Which physical changes are exothermic?

condensation and freezing (deionization)

Which physical changes are endothermic?

melting and vaporization (ionization )

evaporation definition

Can occur at any temperature and only at the surface of a liquid

boiling definition

occurs at fixed temperatures when the vapour pressures equals the external pressure

At different external pressures , the boiling point of a liquid will be different

Characteristics of matter

• Made up of particles such as atoms, molecules or ions

• Occupies a volume in space

• Has a mass

• Particles are in constant motion