ap human geography vocab - unit 2 population

aging population

a population in which the percentage that is age 65 and older is increasing relative to other age groups

Agriculture density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

antinatalist policies

government policies that seek to control population size by strongly encouraging or requiring that women limit their fertility; when a country provides incentives for people to have fewer children (sometimes including punishments)

arable land

land suitable for growing crops

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Baby Boom

increase in child birth, usually after a war. They could also be caused in times of economic abundance

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

chronic disease

a disease that develops gradually and continues over a long period of time

climate

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time

Contraception

Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Demographics

the characteristics of a population with respect to age, race, and gender.

dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

dependent population

Those in the under 15 years and over 60 years age groups. People in these age groups are dependent on those in the working age groups, either directly or indirectly for support.

doubling time

70/growth rate- The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

elderly dependency ratio

The ratio of the number of people aged 65 and over to those aged 15-64 years

Epidemiological Transition Model

The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.

family planning

Providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have.

fertility rate (TFR) Total fertility rate

the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her country

genetic disease

A disease/disorder that is inherited genetically

infant mortality rate

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Landforms

Features that make up the earth's surface such as a plain, mountain, or valley.

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

low-lying area

Lying close to water or ground level: low-lying coastal areas. Situated below the normal height or altitude:

Malthusian Theory

focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

Midlatitudes

Most people live here. more moderate climate and better soils. a wide band of latitudes on either side of the Equator, midway between the Equator and the North or South Poles

mortality rate

death rate

Overpopulation

a situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

population composition

Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education

population density

Number of individuals per unit area

population distribution

a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another

population policy

an official government strategy designed to affect any or all of several objectives including the size, composition, and distribution of population

Population Pyramid

A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.

pronatalist policy

a government policy to encourage citizens to have more children they may incentivize by giving tax breaks, child care etc.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference in births and deaths in a population, usually expressed as a percentage; does not take into account migration into or out of an area.

service

The sector of the economy that provides services--such as health care, banking, and education--contrast to the sector that produces goods.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.