Health Professions Chapter 1

affordable care act signed into law on

affordable care act signed into law on

March 23, 2010. reasons for signing include controlling health care costs and increasing access to health care (pg 4)

some reasons for rising costs in health care include

use of expensive medical technology and prescription drugs, reimbursement systems that reward the volume of medical services instead of outcomes, inadequate preventative services, the aging of the population and the increased prevalence of chronic diseases as well as high administrative costs (pg 4)

comparisons with other countries and across states show large variations in spending without commensurate differences in

health outcomes

the most significant change in health care in the U.S. in the last five years is

the number of individuals who have access to health care with the implementation of the ACA. at the end of 2014 15.6 million people had health insurance through private health insurance carrier or a health exchange (pg 4)

total enrollment through a health exchange totaled 6.7 million in 2014 and 11.7 million in 2015. also between the summer of 2013 and January 2015 there was an 19 % increase in?

the number enrolled in either medicaid or the Children's Health insurance program (CHIP) for a total of 11 million additional low income children and adults with access to health care (pg 4)

medicaid

Federal program that provides medical benefits for low-income persons. (pg 4)

childrens health insurance program (CHIP)

A joint federal-state program that provides health-care insurance for low-income children. (pg 4)

even with greater access to health insurance- an estimated____________ people continue to be uninsured. the majority of the uninsured are__________

30 million; low income people with poor health who live in states that opted out of medicaid expansion under the ACA (pg 4)

greater access to health care increased demand for providers such as

physicians, nurses and other health care workers, hospitals, outpatient clinics and home care services (pg 4)

the healthcare environment has become more competitive in large part because?

of the requirements for hospitals to improve both the quality of care and efficiency as a result of the ACA (pg4)

epidemics

Occurrences of diseases in which many people in the same place at the same time are affected (pg 4)

in the U.S. in the second half of the 19th century the most critical health problems were related to_____________

contaminated food and water and inadequate housing and sewage disposal (pg 4)

by 1900 infectious disease epidemics had been brought under control as a result of

improving environmental conditions such as cities developed systems for safeguarding the milk, food and water supply and health departments began to grow applying case findings and quarantines with good results (pg 4)

the major epidemics that had caused deaths had been eliminated in the U.S. and the

pendulum swung away acute infectious disease and toward chronic conditions (pg 4)

the most important factor in the decline in mortality in the 20th century was

essential hygiene, supported by home and workplace improvements and attempts to improve the environment. Another reason for falling death rate was the improvement of nutrition which led to an increase in the resistance to diseases (pg 4)

better hygiene accounted for approximately________ of the reduction in mortality

1/5 (pg 4)

another reason for the falling death rate was the improvement of _________ which led to an increase in the resistance to diseases

nutrition (pg 4)

World Health Organization (WHO)

A group within the United Nations responsible for human health, including combating the spread of infectious diseases and health issues related to natural disasters. (pg 4)

according to the WHO the best "vaccine" against common diseases is?

an adequate diet (pg 4)

by the late 1940s chronic illness-such as heart disease and cancer accounted for

nearly half of the deaths in the U.S. (pg 5)

by the 21st century the development of new drugs to control risk factors for heart disease for example, drugs to control hypertension, cholesterol and diabetes reduced heart disease by________ between 2003 and 2013

28% (pg 4)

life expectancy

the number of years a person can expect to live; the effectiveness of new treatments including, drug therapy increased life expectancy over a 30 year period between 1980 and 2013 (pg 5)

the effectiveness of new treatments including drug therapy____________ over a 30 year period between 1980 and 2013

increased life expectancy (pg 5)

infant mortality rates fell to

a historically low level of 5.96 per 1,000 births, a 13% decline between 2003 and 2013 (pg 5)

longevity and an increased number of

elderly have increased the prevalence of chronic and degenerative diseases associated with aging including hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and osteoporosis as well as alzhimer's (pg 5)

the downside to improved healthcare and longevity is that?

1/3 of the population above 65 has multiple chronic conditions (pg 5)

globalization

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale; eases in international travel and increases the risk for infectious diseases. in the U.S. viral gastroenteritis is the most common viral infection and salmonellosis is the most common bacterial infection (pg 5)

Newly recognized infectious agents have caused substantial public health concerns and investment. these include

influenza H3N2, avian (bird) influenza and ebola and some particularly virulent or drug resistant bacterial strains such as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). influenza and pneumonia remain major causes of death (pg 6)

although most infectious diseases are now prevented with vaccines and improved methods of infection control, new organisms continue to appear from?

mutations and transmission from wild animals or insects to domesticated animals and sometimes to humans (pg 6)

centers for disease control (CDC) is the

U.S. government agency that monitors infectious diseases, developed infection control measures for hospitals treating infected patients in the U.S. The CDC also has deployed teams to West Africa to implement infection control measures (pg 6)

MRSA increases the risk of

sepsis, surgical infections, pneumonia in hospitalized patients who require stringent infection control measures to prevent spread of bacteria causing the infection from patient to patient and among health care workers (pg 6)

epidemics of infectious disease require__________ to track and contain diseases to prevent epidemics in both humans and animals

a team of experts (ie. medical lab techs, epidemiologists, public health officials) (pg 6)

most diseases of today are associated with personal lifestyle. for instance,

individuals can take responsibility for most life style factors such as physical activity, eating habits, smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages, using illicit drugs, personal hygiene and so on (pg 6)

the national prevention council established seven priorities for preventative services to improve

the health and quality of life for all Americans; these priorities are tobacco free living, preventing drug abuse or excessive alcohol use, healthy eating, active living, prevent injury and violence, reproductive and sexual health, mental and emotional well being (pg 7)

as a result of requirements to include preventative services by

insurance plans purchased through health exchanges under the ACA and coverage by Medicare, clinical preventative services are being utilized more by Americans. For example, immunizations and cancer screenings are the most common (pg 7)

preventative healthcare services improve:

health by protecting against disease at an early age when it is easier to treat (pg 7)

the high cost of technology affects the financial structure of the entire healthcare system. these costs are visible in the form of___________

higher health insurance costs, higher costs for hospital stays, government payments to the system and total medical bills (pg 7)

excellent technical performance has become a standard at the cost of____________

personal, human touch (pg 7)

factors that have contributed to greater use of prescription drugs are the

growth of drug coverage by private and government health insurance-Medicare Part D (drug plans) was introduced in 2006 and the ACA of 2010 made drugs more affordable (pg 7)

the federal government also plays an important role in the direction of health care by

dominating the health care system by virtue of its expanding monetary support of technology and services and also it sets the rules and provisions for health care (pg 7)

the human genome project has identified gene mutations that

transmit risk for disease and response to drugs used to treat disease. the lower cost of genetic testing and coverage by health insurance have made it possible for this technology to be available to more people (pg 8)

public health research shows that more and more children are being diagnosed with

Autism spectrum disorders with 1 in 68 children in the U.S. being given this diagnosis. children with this disease are often treated by a team of health professionals such as occupational therapists, speech therapists and applied behavior analysis therapists (pg 8)

Health Information Technology

the use of various forms of technology to improve the quality of health services to individuals and communities; is changing the way healthcare workers practice their professions and even more changes are expected in the future (pg 8)

Electronic Health Record (EHR)

An electronic record of health-related information on an individual that conforms to nationally recognized interoperability standards and that can be created, managed, and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff across more than one healthcare organization; First steps towards improving technology was using EHRs that linked data from physicians, pharmacy, clinical laboratories and imaging as well as documentation by all health professions (pg 8)