Reaction Mechanisms

What is a curly arrow used to show in reaction mechanisms

Movement of an electron pair during a reaction

What can a curly arrow represent

Heterolytic fission or formation of a covalent bond

What is fission

Breaking of a covalent bond

Define homolytic fission

Each atom receives one electron from the bonded pair

Products of homolytic fission

Two radicals

Arrow type for homolytic fission

Single-headed curly arrow

Define heterolytic fission

One atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair

Products of heterolytic fission

Positive ion and negative ion

Arrow type for heterolytic fission

Double-headed curly arrow

Which fission occurs in most mechanisms

Heterolytic fission

What is a radical

Species with an unpaired electron

How are radicals represented

By a dot

Define addition reaction

Reactants combine to form a single product

Define substitution reaction

One functional group replaced by another

Define oxidation

Loss of at least one electron

Define reduction

Gain of at least one electron

Define polymerisation

Many monomers join to form a long repeating polymer

Define elimination

A small molecule is removed from a larger molecule

Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes with Br₂ Mechanism

Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes with HBr Mechanism

Halogenation with Benzene Mechanism

Nitration of Benzene Mechanism

Nucleophilic Addition to a Carbonyl with Cyanide Mechanism

Reduction of Carbonyls Mechanism

Nucleophilic Substitution of Haloalkanes Mechanism

Free Radical Substitution Mechanism