Immunity
Condition of being protected against a particular disease
2 Types of Immunity
Natural/Innate
Adaptive
Natural/Innate Immunity
The body's inborn system to protect itself and fight infections
Adaptive Immunity
This develops as a result of exposure to a disease-causing organism so that next time the body meets it again, it can defend itself
Antigen
Substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies
Antibody
Substance that is produced by the immune system and defends the body against infections.
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
Resulting from infection
eg: COVID-19 creates antibodies
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
Injection of Antigen (vaccine: attenuated, killed, toxoid, recombinant DNA)
Giving a copy of the microorganism will trigger the immune system to produce antibodies against the real microorganism to prevent infection
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
Transplacental or colostrum
Antibodies gained by the mother either through infections or vaccine will be transferred to the baby
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
Injection of antibody
eg: antiserum, immunoglobulin
Giving the body the antibodies needed to fight off or prevent an infection
Artificially Acquired Active
Identify the type of immunity:
Animal handlers get rabies vaccinations to protect themselves from potential exposure to the virus through bites or scratches
Naturally Acquired Passive
Identify the type of immunity:
Plasma therapy is one of the techniques currently being tested against COVID-19. Patients who have recovered successfully from the disease donate plasma from their blood.
Naturally Acquired Active
Identify the type of immunity:
A patient developed chickenpox when she was a kid. Despite having an officemate who has chickenpox now, she did not get sick.
Artificially Acquired Passive
Identify the type of immunity:
ER personnel attended to a patient who got injured by a rusty metal. He was given Tetanus antitoxin to neutralize the tetanospasmin
Immunization
Beneficial and cost-effective disease prevention.
Process of inducing immunity against a specific disease through vaccines.
Passive (administration of antibody-containing preparations) or active (stimulation of the immune system)
Protection is usually long-term if not lifetime
Smallpox
This disease was widespread in the 18th century and resulted in a very high death rate.
Variolation
Intentionally infecting a healthy person with the "matter" taken from a patient sick with a mild attack of the disease
Cowpox
Persons who suffered an attack of ___ (a relative of smallpox)- a relatively harmless disease that could be contracted from cattle could not take the smallpox.
Edward Jenner
The father of immunization.
May 1796
In ____, Jenner found a young dairymaid who had fresh cowpox lesions on her hand.
Sarah Nelmes
The young dairymaid who had fresh cowpox lesions on her hand was named:
May 14
On ___, using matter from the young dairymaid's lesions, he inoculated an eight-year-old boy who never had smallpox.
James Phipps
The eight-year-old boy who was inoculated with cowpox and then smallpox was named:
9 days
The eight-year-old boy who was inoculated with cowpox was ill for how many days?
July 1
On ___, Jenner intentionally inoculated the boy again, this time with smallpox matter. No disease developed: protection was complete.
Live Attenuated Vaccines
Attenuated (weakened) form of the "wild" virus or bacterium
Immune response is similar to natural infection
1-2 doses
How many doses does a live attenuated vaccine need for long term immunity?
Inactivated Vaccines
Giving of microorganism killed through heat or chemical methods'
This type of vaccine is used to remind the body to produce antibodies.
3-5 doses including boosters
How many doses does an inactivated vaccine need for long term immunity?
Expanded Program on Immunization
EPI stands for:
1976
The EPI was established in ___ by the WHO
Expanded Program on Immunization
This program ensures that children/infants and mother have access to routinely recommend infant/childhood vaccines.
tuberculosis
poliomyelitis
diphtheria
tetanus
pertussis
measles
Six vaccine-preventable diseases were initially included in the EPI:
1.4 million
WHO estimated that ___ million of deaths among children under 5 years were due to diseases that could have been prevented by routine vaccination.
1979
The EPI began in ___ in the Philippines.
PD No. 996
This Presidential Decree provides compulsory basic immunization for infants and children below 8 years
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)
Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus (DPT)
Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)
Measles
The free vaccines for ages 8 and below during the initial program of EPI:
Reaching of Every Barangay (REB)
Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIA)
SVPDS
The strategies used for routine immunization for Infants/Children/Women were:
BCG vaccine
Prevents TB meningitis
right or left deltoid
injection site of BCG
At birth or for school entrants
appropriate age for BCG
1 dose
number of doses for BCG
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Prevents Hepatitis B
Intramuscular injection (vastus lateralis)
injection site for Hepa B
6 weeks of age
appropriate age for Hepa B
3 doses
number of doses for Hepa B
4 weeks
interval time for Hepa B
Oral Polio Vaccine
Prevents Polio
Administered through the mouth
6 weeks of age
3 doses
4 weeks interval
administered through the mouth
way of getting OPV
6 weeks of age
appropriate age for OPV
3 doses
number of doses for OPV
4 weeks
interval time for OPV
Rotavirus vaccine
Prevents childhood diarrhea due to Rotavirus
Administered through the mouth
way of getting Rotavirus vax
2 doses
number of doses for Rotavirus vax
Diptheria
Pertussis
Tetanus
HiB
HBV
Pentavalent vaccine is composed of:
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria is a respiratory disease caused by:
Bordetella pertussis
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is caused by
Clostridium tetani
Tetanus causes muscle spasms and caused by:
Haemophilus influenza type B
HiB meningitis vaccine of children caused by:
DPT Vaccine
diphtheria
pertussis
tetanus
6 weeks
appropriate age for DPT
3 doses
number of doses for DPT
4 weeks
interval time for DPT
intramuscular injection (vastus lateralis)
injection site for DPT
Measles vaccine
Prevents Measles
9 months
appropriate age for measles
subcutaneous injection
injection site for measles
1 dose
number of doses for measles
MMR vaccine
Mumps
Measles
Rubella
Rubulavirus
Mumps is caused by:
Morbillivirus
Measles is caused by:
Rubellavirus
Rubella is caused by:
live attenuated bacteria
Content of BCG
live attenuated virus
Content of OPV and Measles
weakened bacterial toxins
Content of Diphtheria and Tetanus
killed/inactivated bacteria
Content of Pertussis
derived from plasma (plasma derivatives) DNA recombinants
Content of Hepa B
Severe illness
Allergy
Immunosuppression
General Contraindications of Vaccines:
Herd Immunity
Refers to immunized individuals that provide indirect protection to susceptible members of a population.
1 BCG 3 DPT 3 HBV 3 OPV 1 Measles
Target for Immunization Program:
Infants: 12 months old
5 Tetanus toxoid
Target for Immunization Program:
Pregnant mothers
1 booster of BCG
Target for Immunization Program:
School entrants: 6-7 y/o
Cold Chain System
Keeping/transporting the vaccine in cold temperatures to maintain the potency of the vaccine.
The system used for storing vaccines in good condition
vaccine supply chain or immunization supply chain
The cold chain system is also known as the:
-15°C to -25°C
Temperature for freezing vaccines.
2°C to 8°C
Temperature for body temp. vaccines.
OPV and Measles
Vaccines that are the most sensitive to heat and require freezing temp.:
BCG and TT
Vaccines that are the least sensitive to heat and require body temp.:
RA 10152
The "Mandatory Basic Immunization Services for Infants and Children repealing PD 996" is known as:
HiB
DPT-HBV-HiB
Rotavirus
Pneumococcal vaccine (PCV)
The free vaccines for ages 5 and below during the program of RA 10152:
BCG
No ___ vaccine can be given to a child positive with HIV or AIDS.
30
No food __ minutes after giving OPV.
DPT2, DPT3
___ or ___ is not given to a child who has had convulsions or shock w/in 3 days the previous dose but you can give DT.
egg
Assess the child for allergy to ___ before giving measles vaccine
9
Measles vaccine should be given as soon as the child is _ months old regardless of whether other vaccines will be given on that day
True
True or False:
Vaccination schedule should not be restarted from the beginning even if the interval between doses exceeded
scar
Repeat BCG vaccination if the child does not develop a ____ after the first injection
True
True or False:
Use one syringe, one needle per child during vaccination
True
True or False:
A child with diarrhea who is due for OPV should receive a dose of OPV during the visit but do not count the dose