9th Honors World History: Midterm Study Guide

Twice/day

1. Criteria for nobility in The Book of the Courtier

written by Castiglione. Impeccable character, "breeding"/dignity, military service, standards of conduct, classical edu., well-developed personality.

2. Significance of/requirement to be patrons of the arts

patrons = wealthy people. Bankers and merchants had the money. Consumption of art was a status symbol for the wealthy.

3. Dates of the Renaissance

c. 1300- 1600

4. Printing press

invented by Johann Gutenberg; circulated widely and printed vernacular.

5. Results of the printing press

development in scholarly research, standard textbooks, cook books, novels etc.

6. Political recovery of the fifteenth century in Europe

in Western Europe, centralized monarchies gained strength. Decentralized gov'ts became typical in eastern & Central Europe. The "new monarchies" stabilized France, Spain, and England.

7. Taille

annual direct tax- permanent source of income for the state/monarch -> strengthened the monarchy.

8. Niccolò Machiavelli

Wrote The Prince. A prince may do whatever is necessary to protect his state = ends justifies the means.

9. Raphael

painted the ideal of beauty, and also created The School of Athens.

10. Dürer

greatest of German artists. His patron was Emperor Maximilian I(king). Painted Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe and Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.

11. Van Eyck

Most influential Flemish Painter. Known for the detail in his paintings. Includes Adoration of the Lamb (1432) and Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife (1434).

12. Michelangelo

believed and created divine beauty. Painted the Sistine Chapel & sculpted the Pieta.

13. Brunelleschi

ARCHITECT! commissioned to design the cathedral dome- Cuppolo of St. Maria del Fiore. Studied the ancient Pantheon in Rome, and used ribs for support.

14. Renaissance Man

Meant an educated man--best example= Leonardo da Vinci. Knowledge in different fields, and able to link info to create NEW knowledge.

15. Desiderius Erasmus (choose 1 that's not)

emphasized inner piety, developed a "philosophy of Christ", wants less focus on sacraments, and most influential Christian Humanist.

16. Peace of Augsburg

brought an end to the religious warfare between Cath. and Protest. German princes. Recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the HRE. Each German prince decided religion of his subjects, and all Protest. Sects except Lutherans = forbidden. Division of Christ. ✅

17. Henry VIII's break with Catholic Church

he turned to England's own church courts when he couldn't divorce Catherine of Aragon. There, Thomas Cranmer granted the divorce.

18. Tetzel

came to Germany in 1517 to sell indulgences.

19. English Reformation

politically motivated. Cause-> Henry wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon who hadn't produced a male heir. Their daughter Mary would become Queen. Henry VIII was aware of the possibility of civil war. He later divorced Catherine and married Anne Boleyn. Anne had a daughter(Elizabeth) instead of a son. Ultimately, it's just England becoming Protestant.

20. Martin Luther's religious beliefs

reasoned that sinners couldn't earn salvation through good works. Argued that human salvation comes from faith in Jesus as God alone = justification by faith. Bible as the guide to religious truth.

21. Practice of selling indulgences

lessens time in purgatory. (buying forgiveness by paying money to Church.)

22. Council of Trent

restated basic Catholic doctrine-- salvation was due to both faith and good works. The Bible was not the sole source of authority.

23. John Calvin

From France, fled to Switzerland after converting to Protest. Influenced by Luther's idea that humans cannot earn a place in Heaven. Published Institutes of the Christian Religion.

24. "Counter Reformation"

The Catholic Church undertook a reform in the 16th century after losing parts of Europe to Protest. 3 pillars of the C.R. = jesuits, reformed papacy, and Council of Trent

25. Ultra-Catholics

an extreme Catholic party that opposed to the Huguenots.

26. Anabaptists

radical reformers of the Protestant Reformation. 1) they advocated adult rather than infant baptism. 2) believed all believers to be equal = democratic. 3) persecuted by Protest. & Cath.

27. 95 Theses

Written by Martin Luther. These Theses challenged the sale of indulgences and criticized papal wealth. Nailed to the door of Wittenberg Cathedral.

28. Huguenots

French Calvinists. 40-50% of the French nobility = Huguenots.

29. Mercantilism

When a nation sells more goods than it buys.

30. China's official trade policy

Gov't controls all contact with outsiders, official trade policy was that only the gov't was allowed to trade with foreign countries.

31. Purpose of joint-stock companies

• (def- let investors share risk, profits of business) help fund colonies in America.

32. Capitalism

new economic system based on private property, profit. Increased business = inflation

33. Prince Henry (Portugal)

also called Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) started a school for navigation in 1419.

34. Middle Passage

Voyage of enslaved Africans to Americas known as "Middle Passage"

35. Cortés + Pizarro

Cortes conquers Aztec empire, Pizarro leads forces to Peru and defeats the Inca.

36. Marco Polo

Portuguese, explored the Far East in 13th & 14th centuries. Wrote Travels which influenced explorers like Columbus.

37. Most important trade good from the East

SPICES. (Profitable)

38. Christopher Columbus

Set sail in August 1492 at San Salvador. Thinks he is in East Indies. Last to discover the New World. Embarked on four voyages in search of a route to Asia, but located all the major islands in the Caribbean.

39. Role of colony in maintaining a positive balance of trade

Colonies provide raw materials that home country uses to make goods.

40. Japanese policy of seclusion

To control foreign ideas. Shoguns limit European trade to port of Nagasaki. Only Dutch and Chinese are allowed to trade. Japanese forbidden to go abroad. Japan grows in isolation.

41. First Europeans on Japanese soil

In 1549, first Catholic Christian missionaries arrive

42. Treaty of Tordesillas

(1494) divided the "undiscovered" world between Spain and Portugal. Most of the New World went to the Spanish (not Brazil). Portuguese monopoly over the African coast was maintained.

43. John Cabot

English- explored Canada + New England (1497).

44. Colbert

Architect of Louis XIV's economic policy, adhered to mercantilism.

45. Charles I death

charged with high treason (execution) and other high crimes against the realm of England. Executed on Jan. 30, 1649.

46. Versailles

On a hunting lodge, helped Louis XIV keep control of the nobility

47. Peter the Great

(outside of Russia) meant an ice-free/ warm water seaport easily accessible to Europe. (Russia couldn't have shipping in winter months.) —main foreign policy goal.

48. Glorious Revolution

with little bloodshed, England had undergone this revolution from the deposition of James II to introducing William.

49. Best example of absolutist ruler

Louis XIV

50. Absolutism

gives a monarch absolute or total authority in dealing with the state.

51. Ivan the Terrible

throne- age 3. Seized control- age 16; defeated the last of the Mongols by 1556 giving him tremendous credibility. After wife dies he goes crazy.

52. Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell was the commander of the New Model Army. He ended up being the next individual leader of England. After death = monarchy restored.

53. Romanov dynasty

1613-1917

54. Revoking of the Edict of Nantes

Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes (in 1685) which had granted Huguenots religious tolerance. This led to many productive Huguenots leaving France, and those who chose not to convert were exiled(expelled).

55. Divine Right

kings received power from God so they were responsible to no one except God. Destroyed by the Glorious Revolution.

56. Boyars (Russian)

boyars = nobles

57. Reason of state

(Machiavellian philosophy of social control that states) what is done for the state is done for by God...actions if privately committed would be a crime.

58. Beginning of the Scientific Revolution

BEGAN WITH COPERNICUS.

59. Scientific Revolution definition

historical changes in thought & belief, changes in social & institutional organization that unfolded in Europe between roughly 1550-1700. Began with Copernicus (heliocentric theory), ends with Newton.

60. groups involved in the Scientific Revolution

Mathematicians, astronomers, philosophers.

61. Principles upon which the Scientific Revolution is based

based on observation and inquiry.

62. Inventions used before/during the Scientific Revolution

Telescope, microscopes, printing press

63. What the Scientific Revolution was

the revolutionaries sought to break free from traditional beliefs. Criticized and replaced the medical world view with their own. Also changed ideas of religion and God and man.

64. What the Scientific Revolution was NOT

it did NOT begin in a momentary flash, did NOT immediately change the world, it was NOT a single change.

65. Ptolemaic view of the universe

concept of universe presented unmoving earth in the center, spheres that surrounded the earth were transparent substances that moved in circular orbits, beyond the 10th sphere was the Empyrean Heaven.

66. Laissez-faire economics

laissez-faire is French for "let people do as they choose". 3 roles-- protect society, defend citizens from injustice, public works that people could not afford.

67. Natural rights

these are rights that are endowed by God to all human beings--life, liberty/freedom, property.

68. Galileo

First to make systematic observations of space, and made theories public in The Starry Messenger (1610). The Catholic Church ordered him to abandon his ideas. The heavens are now a world of matter; not spiritual.

69. Cosmology

a new concept of man, his existence on earth, and the place of the earth in the universe.

70. Deism

the belief in the existence of a God for supreme being, but a denial of revealed religion – God uninvolved in daily life.

71. Beliefs of John Locke

Had a more positive view of human nature = a positive environment will create positive results. Wrote Two Treaties of Civil Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration.

72. Montesquieu's beliefs

a separation of political powers ensured freedom and liberty. Praised the concept of checks and balances. Monarchy = Middle, Republic = small, Despotism = large

73. characteristics of the Enlightenment

Rationalism (reason), Secularism (science over religion), Freedom of thought and expression, cosmology, optimism, and education of the masses.

74. Isaac Newton

greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution. Principia = defines the 3 laws of motion. Universal motion mathematically explained- solved the question of how the planets move.

75. Isaac Newton's discoveries

Had a world-machine concept that dominated the modern worldview till 20th century. He created a new cosmology (study/concept of the universe), and gave a mechanical explanation of the universe. Theories had major political + spiritual ramifications.

76. Madame Geoffrin

one of the most important Salonnieres.

77. Reasons for state power under the Articles of Confederation

established a limited national government- most of the political power lay with the states- fear of a strong central government.

78. Proclamation of 1763

it closed off the region west of the Appalachian Mountains to all settlements by colonists.

79. Boston Massacre

British soldiers open fired on a protesting crowd- 5 colonists were killed. Afterward, the British canceled all of the Townshend taxes except tax on tea (tea boycott continued).

80. George III

During the American Revolution, he took the throne of England as a monarch.

81. Townshend Acts

passed by the British Parliament in 1767; taxed goods imported to the American colonies. Tax on = coffee, tea, glass, etc. British troops sent to enforce Act.

82. Purpose of the Bill of Rights

to specifically protect the inalienable rights Thomas Jefferson wrote about in the Declaration of Independence.

83. Tea Act (1773)

gave the British East India Company the right to sell its tea in America without paying the normal taxes.

84. Battle of Saratoga

After the battle- French + U.S. = allies. The British attempted to cut New England off from the rest of the colonies- led by General John Burgoyne the British forces moved downward from Canada. (Oct. 17, 1777) Burgoyne was forced to surrender- the biggest American victory & marked turning point in the war.

85. Quartering Act (1765)

Law required the colonies (Americans) to provide housing and supplies for British soldiers.

86. Yorktown (4)

After campaign, British General Cornwallis set up camp in Yorktown, on a peninsula between the York & James rivers. Washington marched south to Yorktown and formed a semicircle around the city to trap British, on Oct. 18, 1781 Cornwallis was forced to surrender. Yorktown = last major battle of Revolutionary War.

87. Separation of powers

the 3 branches of gov't all have different areas of authority/different powers. Designed to prevent any one branch of government becoming too powerful.

88. Results of the French and Indian War (know results!)

Weakened Loyalty to Britain, Americans left with a loss of respect for the British military power, and they felt that they did not share the same values as the British.

89. Sugar Act

Cut the sugar tax in half- stop smuggling of sugar, pay something in taxes. British ships patrol American waters = enforce the Act

90. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

no power to force the states to do what it wanted, no power to tax, Article only meant the states were not bound to be one nation.

91. Treaty of Paris (1783)

Great Britain recognized the independence of the U.S. and agreed to remove its troops from the U.S.... Congress agreed that no action would be taken against Loyalists, but their persecution continued after war.

92. Measures adopted by the First Continental Congress

Boycott of British goods, call to the people of the colonies to arm themselves and form militias, and direct appeal was made to George III asking for compromise.

93. 3 branches and their powers

Legislative = law-making body. Judicial = court system. Executive = president.

Peter the Great’s policies:

(Member of the Romanov dynasty) 1. Most of the money goes to military. 2. Modernize Russia. 3. Strengthen the power of military