GENBIO Q1 1ST HALF

biology

  - scientific study of life and living organisms

  - science of life

  - helps us understand the hows and whys of living system

  - objective and repeatable attempt to understand principles and forces operating in the natural world

1) microbiology

2) zoology

3) botany

major divisions of biology

microbiology

study of microorganisms

botany

study of plants

zoology

study of animals

observation

hypothesis

experiment

conclusion

scientific method

observation

scientific method in which includes identifying and defining the problem

hypothesis

formulating a possible logical answer to a problem

experiment

controlled attempts to test hypotheses and recording and analyzing results

conclusion

scientific method in which includes the generalization about results that may accept, reject or modify the hypothesis

hypothesis based science

includes

1) Proposing and testing

2) Use of scientific method

3) Experimental design

knowledge based science

include

1) Knowledge of cells to the levels of biosphere

2) Results and measurement

3) Sequencing of the human genome

1) cytology

2) embryology

3) anatomy

4) taxonomy

5) physiology

6) genetics

7) biochemistry

8) evolution

9) ecology

Traditional Branches of Biology

1) bioinformatics

2) genomics

3) pharmagenomics

4) molecular biology

5) proteomics

6) synthetic biology

7) systems biology

Modern Branches of Biology

cytology

studies cells

taxonomy

naming and classifying organisms

embryology

formation and development of organisms

anatomy

structure and parts

physiology

function of bodily parts

biochemistry

biochemical compositions

Ex. DNA

genetics

- heredity and variation

evolution

- origin and differentiation

ecology

- relationships of organisms with each other and their environment

bioinformatics

using computer programs to study biological data

genomics

- studies entire genetic material (DNA)

molecular biology

- studies molecules

pharmagenomics

- how genes affect one’s response to drugs

proteomics

- studies proteins

synthetic biology

artificial biological systems

systems biology

computational modelling of biological systems

1) gene theory

2) theory of evolution by natural selection

3) cell theory

commin biological theories

cell theory

- cell is the smallest and basic unit of structure and function in organisms

- all organism are composed of one or more cells

- cells arise from previously existing cells

antonie van leeuwenhook

- discovered animalcules ñ

- founded crude microscope

- father of microbiology

animalcules

living creatures in pond water

discovered by leeuwenhook

robert hooke

- coined the word “cell” or “cellulae”

- invented a microscope

matthias jakob schleiden

studied plants

theodor schwann

study of plants and animals

rudolf carl virchow

proved that exists come from pre-exisitng cells

microscope

important biological tools in revealing the intricate parts of the cell

organelles

-performs necessary tasks for cell survival

  - specialized structures inside a cell

1) cell membrane

2) cell wall

3) cytoplasm

Structures for Cell Protection

cell membrane or plasma membrane

- separates individual cell from external environment

- thin boundary that provides protection and structural support

- semi-pearmable or selective permeable

- present in both animal and plant cell

1) cholesterol

2) phospholipids

3) carbohydrates

4) protein

cell membrane is composed of

phospholipids

 bilary layer responsible for cell membrane’s semi-permeable nature

hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail

cholesterol

stabilizes the cell membrane

protein

channel for transporting materials in cell membrane

carbohydrates

found on the exterior surface of cell membrane for cell-to-cell interaction

1. Transport Protein

2. Channel Proteins

3. Cytoskeleton Proteins

4. Cell Recognition

5. Enzymatic Protein

6. Junction Protein

7. Receptor Protein

cell membrane proteins

transport protein

help materials cross the membrane

channel protein

 - import or export materials

     - expel waste

cytoskeleton protein

protein that maintain cell shape

cell recognition

distinguish the body’s other cells from foreign cells

enzymatic protein

participate in metabolic reactions

junction protein

assist communication between cells

receptor protein

facilitate exchange of signals with other cells

cell wall

- found in plants, algae, fungi and some bacteria

polysaccharide cellulose

cell wall of plants and algae

chitin

cell wall of fungi

peptidoglycan

cell wall of bacteria

cytoplasm

- fills the space between the nucleus and cell membrane

cytosol

fluid portion in the cytoplasm

nucleus

- control center of the cell

- houses genetic information

- genetic control structure

nucleus envelope

encloses dna in nucleus

nucleus pores

allow large molecules pass through 

nucleolus

where ribosomes are assembled for making proteins

1) endoplasmic reticulum

2) golgi apparatus

3) vacuoles

4) lysosome

5) peroxisome

6) vesicles

Breakdown, manufacturing, storage, and distribution cells:

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

 facilitate the manufacture of products in the body

lumen

interior of er

rough er

- has ribosome

- making protein

smooth er

- no ribosome

- facilitating lipid synthesis

1) smooth er

2) rough er

types of er

golgi apparatus/body

- transports and modifies products from the ER

- modifies, packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport

vesicle

- short lived

- formed or recycled as needed by the cells

> Storage Vesicle

> Secretory Vesicle

> Transport Vesicle

>Storage Vesicle

> Secretory Vesicle

> Transport Vesicle

types of vesicle

vacuole

- fluid filled sac for storage needed by the cell

- includes water, food, molecules, inorganic ions, enzymes

 - storage units or warehouse

lysosome

- help breakdown materials in the cell

-contains Lysozime

lysozime

enzyme responsible for the function of lysosome

peroxisomes

 breaks down toxic materials or alcohol

- carries oxidative or digestive enzymes

- small vesicles around the cell

1) mitochondria

2) chloroplast or plastids

Energy Processing cells

mitochondria

- has two membranes

- bean shaped

- supplies energy

chloroplast or plastids

- found in plants

- turns solar energy to chemical energy

- carries out photosynthesis

thylakoids

  - in the chloroplast membrane

  - give plants the green color

  - organized into a stack called granum

stroma

liquid portion of the chloroplast

1) centrioles and centrosome

2) cilia and flagella

3) cytoskeletons

4) cell surfaces and junctions

Structural Support, Movement, Communication cells

centrosome

 - main microtubule organizing center

centrioles

organelle made of 9 triplets of short microtubules arranged in a ring

cilia and flagella

- locamotory projection in eukaryotes

- helps cells move like an oar or whip

cilia

little hairs with much shorter length

flagella

whip or tail

cytoskeleton

- fibers that crisscross the entire cell

- provides sturdy support

microtubule

thickest fiber in cytoskeleton

intermediate filaments

rope-like finer in cytoskeleton

microfilament

thinnest fiber in cytoskeleton

plasmodesmata

- channel for communicating found in plants

tight junctions

joins two cells together to form leakproof sheet

adhesion junctions

screws cytoskeletal fibers to form strong sheets

gap junctions

 allow molecules to flow between cells

prokaryote

  - lacks compartments such as membrane bound organelles

  - metabolically diverse

  - Archaea, Bacteria

eukaryote

- several compartments

  - Eukarya: protists, fungi, plants, animals

1) prokaryote

2) eukaryote

types of cell