lab 8

What does the respiratory system do

Passageway for air. Site of gas’s diffusion in and out of bloodstream and has a role in homeostasis of blood ph

What is in the upper respitory tract

Nose and pharynx

What is in the lower respitory tract

Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

Label

1. Nose 2.larynx, 3 trachea 4. Pharynx, 5 bronchus, 6 lungs

How does air pass into the nasal cavity

The nostrils /external nares air is filtered by the internal hairs

How is nasal cavity divided

Divided left and right by the nasal septum

Nasal septum made of

Hylamine cartiage, vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, maxillae and palatine bones

What is the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity made of

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What is the olfactory epithelium and what is it made of

Superior portion of the nasal cavity made of Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What is the meatuses

Three passageways made by the superior, inferior and middle nasal conchae

What are the 2 openings that lead from the nasal cavity to the pharynx

The chonae or internal nares

What is the pharynx

Passageway for air into the larynx and for food into the esophagus

How is the pharynx divided

3 regions, nasopharynx , oropharynx and laryngopharynx

What is the nasopharynx

Extends the length of the soft palette and has pharyngeal tonsil and opening of Eustachian tubes. Iined by Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What is the oropharynx

Lined by non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and extend from soft palate To hyoid bone. Contains opening from mouth ( faucets) and has palatine and lingual tonsils

What is the larophaynx

Lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium extends inferiority to the esophagus and pharynx

What are the paranasal sinuses

Help drain and produce mucus and serves as resonating sound chambers for speaking and singing includes- ethmoidal cells, maxillary, sphenoid and frontal

What are fauces

Only Opening in the oropharynx (opening from the mouth)

What is the larynx

Connects larynogopharynx to trachea containing vocal cords . Lined by non keritanzed stratified squamous epithelium

How is sound produced via vocal chords

The muscles contract to keep the vocal chords tight as air passes the chords vibrate producing sound

What is the trachea

Continuation of the larynx passing through the mediastinum anterior to the esophagus. Has c shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage to support the structure so it doesn’t collapse when inhaling . Pusedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What is the thyroid cartilage

2 fused plates of hyaline cartilage forming anterior wall of larynx

What is the cricoid cartilage

Ring of hyaline cartilage forming inferior wall of larynx

What is the epiglottis

Epiglottic cartilage and is mucous membrane . Elevation of pharynx widens it to receive food and water and elevation of larynx moves it down to get air

What is the glottis

Middle of larynx helps to breathe speak and make sounds vocal cords

Whta is the Rime glottidis

Space between vocal cords

What are false vocal cords

Vestibular folds .protect real vocal cords . Protect from foreign invaders. Holds the breath

What are vocal chords

Voice production

Label

1. Nostril 2. Sphenoid sinus, 3. Laryngopharynx 4. Oropharynx 5. Epiglottis 6. Trachea 7. Esophagus 8. Nasopharynx 9. Fauces 10. Palatine tonsil 11. Pharyngeal tonsil 12. Lingual tonsil

Label

1. Thyroid cartilage 2. Cricoid cartilage 3. Hyoid bone 4. Epiglottis 4. Tracheal cartilage

Label

1. Thyroid cartilage 2. Cricoid cartilage 3. Hyoid bone 4. Tracheal cartilage

What is the carina

Where the left and right primary bronchi into branches into

What is the smallest diameter of bronchi

Terminal bronchiole

What happens as the bronchi goes to terminal bronchi

Epithelium changes from Pseudostratified ciliated columnar to ciliated columnar to simple to ciliated cuboidal then to cuboidal. Cartilage goes from rings to plates

What are lungs surrounded by

Parietal and visceral pleura

What is the pleural cavity

Between pleural membrane a has serous fluid

What is the hilum

Medial surface of lungs next to mediastinum. The bronchi,pulmonary arteries and veins and lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and ext through here

How are lungs dived

Into lobes , segments and lobules

What happens in a lobule

Terminal bronchiole subdivides into respiratory bronchioles and subdivides into alveolar ducts

What are type 1 alveolar cells

Simple squamous epithelium main site of gas exchange

What is pulmonary ventilation

Movement of air in and out of lungs

What occurs in inhalation / exhalation

Inhalation -Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles exhalation - relaxation of that

What muscles contract strong exercise or forced ventilation

Sternocleidomastoid and Pectoralis minor and during forceful exhalation the abdominal muscles and internal intercostal

Whta happens in external respiration

Air in alveoli looses o2 and gains co2. Blood in pulmonary capillaries gain 02 and loose co2

What happens in internal respiration

Oxygen diffuses out os systemic capillaries into interstitial fluid and into tissue diffusing out co2 from tissues through interstial fluids to systemic capillaries

What is a spirometer

Measures lung volume and capacities

What is tidal volume

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a single breath

What is dead space

Air that remains in areas not lined my simple squamous epithelium and not available for gas exchange

What is inspiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be inhaled in excess of a normal inhalation

What is expiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully expelled in excess of a normal exhalation

What is residual volume

Amount of air remaining in the alveoli and airways after a forceful exhalation

What is vital capacity

Total exchangeable air inhaled lunch sum of tv,irv and erv

What is total lung capacity

Sum of vital capacity and residual volume

What are the lung numbers in males

total lung capacity is 600ml tidal volume is 500ml and vac is 4800ml and erv is 1200ml