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“Migration of man and his maladies is the chief cause of epidemics. And when migration takes place, those creatures who have been in isolation longest suffer most, for their genetic material has been least tempered by the variety of world diseases. Among the major subdivisions of the species Homo Sapiens, the American Indian probably had the dangerous privilege of the longest isolation from the rest of mankind.”
Alfred Crosby, world historian, 1967
Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby’s argument in the passage above?
Amerindians’ long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage.
The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by the expansion in the production of…
Sugar
In the period 1500 to 1750, the population of the Portuguese colony of Brazil grew rapidly and became predominantly African. Which of the following best explains these demographic changes?
The increase in global demand for cash crops such as sugar
Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.?
Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities.
Historians consider the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to be a time of great change in cultivation methods and in the physical landscape of Latin America.
Slave labor and sugar
Which of the following accurately describes the effect of the spread of Christianity among most Amerindian societies after 1500 C.E.?
Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity.
Which of the following describes the most important cause of the demographic changes associated with the Columbian Exchange?
The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas
The transfer of which of the following as part of the Columbian Exchange had the greatest effect on human migration patterns before 1800?
Sugarcane
Which of the following best characterizes world trade in the period 1450 to 1750 ?
The demand for Asian commodities was financed by New World silver.
Which of the following best explains the relative volume of trade to different destinations as shown on the map?
The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations
Which of the following was a major change in transregional trade patterns from 1500 to 1700?
Europeans created joint stock companies to engage in overseas trade.
Which of the following best supports the conclusion that after 1450 C.E. interactions between the hemispheres created syncretic systems of religious belief?
Northern Mexican peasants referred to the Christian saint Mary as Tonantzin, which was the name of a local deity.
The success of European powers in penetrating the Asian trading system by 1600 can best be explained by the
Opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico
During the period 1450 to 1750, which of the following commodities was most responsible for transforming the global economy?
Silver
Which of the following resulted from the arrival of western Europeans in India and China during the time period 1450 to 1750?
The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China
Which of the following would best support the assertion that hierarchies based on racial classification emerged after 1500 C.E. to maintain the authority of new elite groups in the Americas?
The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole
Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century?
Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology
“The inhabitants of the New World were bearers of no serious new infection transferable to the European and African populations that intruded upon their territory . . . whereas the abrupt confrontation with the long array of infections that European and African populations had encountered piecemeal across some four thousand years of civilized history provoked massive demographic disaster among Amerindians.”
William McNeill, world historian, 1976
Which of the following best illustrates the argument described in the passage above?
Amerindians were killed in large numbers by diseases such as smallpox and measles.
“The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away.
The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: ‘If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.’
The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines.”
Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605
A historian could best use the passage as evidence for which of the following?
(C) The creation of a new political and economic elite in the immediate aftermath of the European conquest
The economic activities described in the passage contributed most directly to which of the following?
The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks
The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments which made European penetration and slave systems possible.
Which of the following is an illustration of this world economy theory?
Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items.
“In countries where there is a great scarcity of money, all other saleable goods, and even the labor of men, are given for less money than [in countries] where money is abundant. Thus we see by experience that in France (where money is scarcer than in Spain) bread, wine, cloth, and labor, are worth much less. And even in Spain, in [recent] times when money was scarcer than it is now, saleable goods and labor were given for much less.”
Martín de Azpilcueta Navarro, Spanish scholar, treatise, 1556
Navarro’s economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following?
The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy
Which of the following was a major motivation for European maritime expansion starting in the fifteenth century?
The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians
Between 1500 and 1800, Europeans were primarily interested in tropical colonies in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and in the Caribbean because
large profits could be made from products like sugar, coffee, and pepper
Which of the following was a major long-term effect of Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India in the late 1490s?
It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy.
Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century?
The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies
For the period circa 1650–1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in Amsterdam best support which of the following conclusions?
Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers.
On a global scale, which of the following most directly led to the expansion of the trade between Europe and Asia in the time period reflected in the chart?
The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver
All of the following have been African contributions to cultures in the Americas EXCEPT
African monetary systems
“Mexico is the country of inequality. Nowhere does there exist such a profound difference in the distribution of fortune, civilization, cultivation of the soil, and population. The indigenous people offer a picture of extreme misery. They are banished into the most barren districts and live only from hand to mouth. Besides them, there are the people called castas, who spring from the mixture of the races with one another. These castas constitute a mass almost as considerable as the indigenous people.
The government is suspicious of the Creoles[1] and bestows great estates exclusively on European Spaniards. Since 1789 we frequently hear the following being proudly declared, ‘I am not a Spaniard, I am an American!’ These are words that betray a long resentment. In the eye of law, every White Creole is a Spaniard, but the abuse of the laws, the bad policies of the colonial government, and the influence of the opinions of the age have loosened the bonds that formerly united more closely the Mexican Creoles to the European Spaniards.”
- Alexander Von Humboldt, Prussian geographer and explorer, Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, 1811
All of the following contributed to the economic condition of the indigenous population of Mexico as described in the first paragraph EXCEPT
the development of syncretic religious systems
Which of the following most strongly contributed to the formation of new ethnic groups of the type mentioned in the passage in the Americas between circa 1500 and 1750 ?
The development of the Atlantic trading system
Which of the following regions was LEAST affected by the expansion of European trade networks in the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.?
Oceania
Which of the following best exemplifies mercantilism as it was practiced in the Atlantic trading system by 1750?
The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments
The map above illustrates which of the following?
Predominant areas of origin and destinations of African slaves in the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries
Between 1450 and 1750, which of the following were produced on large plantations by slave labor for the world market?
Sugar and tobacco
A historian researching the effects of epidemic disease on the population levels of seventeenth century colonial Peru would probably find which of the following sources most useful?
Church records of baptisms and funerals
Commander Cotton’s reaction to the events in Jamaica, in the notice above, might best be understood in the context of which of the following?
Mounting resistance to slavery in the Americas, reflected in challenges to imperial authority
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Flashcard (49)