Energy Balance

What is energy balance?

Energy input = energy output

What is energy input?

sum of energy in all food and beverages consumed

What are sources of energy (in food)?

1. Carbs

2. Fats

3. Protein

4. Alcohol

Factors of energy output, so energy used for, includes:

1. Metabolism, absorption, transport, storage of nutrients 

2. Organ function

3. Regulation of body temp 

4. Physical activity

What does it mean when energy balance is balanced?

Effects on body weight?

calories intake is equal to calories output

stable body weight

What does it mean when energy balance is positive?

Effects on body weight?

calories intake is greater than calories output

Weight gain

What does it mean when energy balance is negative?

Effects on body weight?

calories intake is less than calories output

weight loss

Energy balance is not — for everyone

same

What does negative energy balance result in, in terms of body?

1. Weight loss

2. Loss of adipose tissue

3. Loss of muscle tissue

What are the consequences for having negative energy balance, in terms of health?

1. Insufficient food availability

2. Cancer

3. Anorexia nervosa (AN)

4. Bulimia nervosa (BN)

What is the onset of Anorexia nervosa (AN)?

During pre or post puberty or at any age

What is a sign of AV?

Fixation with food, refusal to the idea of a healthy body weight, causing one to undergo excessive dieting and exercising 

Who is at most risk of AV?

1. Women

2. Psychiatric disorders patients

AV results in:

• Organ damage/failure 

• Teeth and bone degradation 

• Change in skin color 

• Loss of hairs 

• Brain shrinkage 

• Cognitive impairment

What is Bulimia nervosa (BN)?

life-threatening eating disorder

What is a sign of BN?

Binge eating and forced vomiting/excessive exercise

What are the symptom's of BN?

• Fixation with body shape and weight 

• Fear of gaining weight 

• Feeling of uncontrolled eating behaviour 

• Eating to the point of discomfort/pain 

• Misues of laxatives after eating

Who is at most risk of BV?

1. Young women as it starts in early childhood or late teens

2. Female history, like first degree relative with an eating disorder

3. Physiological and emotional issues like depression 

4. Models, actors due to societal pressure

5. People in sports due to performance pressure

BV results in:

• Dehydration 

• Heart failure 

• Amenorrhea (no period in women)

• Anxiety

What is female athlete triad?

Syndrome of 3 interrelated conditions:

• Disordered eating

• Irregular menstruation 

• Low bone density

How does the 3 interrelated conditions in female athlete triad develop?

1. Excessive exercise along with disordered eating, causing low energy intake, leads to irregular menstruation 

2. Irregular menstruation associated with low estrogen 

3. Low estrogen causes low bone density as estrogen stimulates osteoblasts

Female athlete traid can be managed by:

• Reducing fixation with food, weight, body fat

• Reducing training time or intensity by 10-20%

• Increasing meals and snacks

• Achieving weight for height 

What are the consequences for having positive energy balance, in terms of health?

1. Weight gain

2. Gain of muscle and bone tissue 

3. Gain of adipose tissue, causing hypertrophy (increase organ size)

4. Overweight or obesity

What causes for a positive energy balance?

1. Excessive caloric intake

2. Low energy output for amount of calories consumed 

3. Genetic/biochemical mechanisms