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Beliefs of Progressives
Wanted government to fix problems caused by industrialization, corruption, and poor working conditions.
Efficiency Progressives
Used scientific management to make government and businesses work faster and better.
Northern Securities v. U.S.
Supreme Court case where Roosevelt broke up a railroad monopoly; proved government could regulate big business.
Wisconsin / "Laboratory of Democracy"
Governor Robert La Follette's reforms like direct primary and regulation of business became models for other states.
Alice Paul and Suffrage
Leader of National Woman's Party; fought for women's right to vote (19th Amendment).
Socialists
Wanted government ownership of major industries and more equality.
ICC in 1920
Interstate Commerce Commission strengthened to regulate railroads and transportation.
TR's Warning to Taft
Warned Taft not to abandon Progressive reforms or side with conservatives.
TR vs. Taft in 1912
Roosevelt ran against Taft (Bull Moose Party); split vote let Wilson win.
Underwood Tariff
Lowered tariffs; added income tax (16th Amendment).
Scientific Management
Frederick Taylor's system to improve efficiency and reduce waste.
Direct Primary
Voters, not party leaders, choose candidates for elections.
TR & Coal Miners' Strike
Roosevelt acted as neutral mediator; helped workers get fair treatment.
Original Election of Senators
Before 17th Amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
Factory fire killed 146 women; led to safer workplace laws.
U.S. Steel Deal
Roosevelt allowed U.S. Steel merger; Taft later sued, angering Roosevelt.
Laissez-Faire Argument for Land
Businesses wanted no government control; Roosevelt pushed conservation.
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Barely lowered tariffs; upset Progressives and hurt Taft's image.
Roosevelt's Belief on Taft
Thought Taft betrayed Progressive ideals and reforms.
Wilson's Belief on Tariff
Believed high tariffs hurt consumers; supported lower tariffs.
Muckrakers' Belief on Work
Exposed corruption to inspire reform (Tarbell, Sinclair, Steffens).
Progressives
Reformers who wanted to solve problems through active government and democracy.
Cure for Problems of Democracy
More democracy—initiative, referendum, recall, and direct election.
Reason Roosevelt Ran (1912)
Felt Taft ruined reforms; created Bull Moose Party to continue them.
Commission Plan
City run by experts instead of politicians.
Referendum
Voters approve or reject laws directly.
Muckraker
Journalist exposing corruption and social issues.
Workers' Compensation
Required pay for job-related injuries.
Initiative
Citizens propose laws directly.
Temperance
Movement to ban alcohol; led to Prohibition.
Richard A. Ballinger
Taft's Interior Secretary; sold public land, angering Progressives.
Ida Tarbell
Muckraker who exposed Standard Oil's unfair practices.
Children's Bureau
Government agency protecting children's welfare and labor rights.
Meat Inspection Act
Required clean meatpacking and federal inspection.
Sixteenth Amendment
Allowed federal income tax.
Wisconsin
First state with Progressive reforms like direct primary.
Woodrow Wilson
Progressive Democrat; created Federal Reserve and Clayton Antitrust Act.
Seventeenth Amendment
Direct election of senators by voters.
Prohibition
Ban on alcohol (18th Amendment).
Nineteenth Amendment
Gave women the right to vote.