Macromolecules and Chemistry Principles

What is the reaction that builds polymers?

Dehydration synthesis (remove water molecule)

What is the reaction that breaks polymers?

Hydrolysis (add water molecule)

Which of the 4 macromolecules is not considered a polymer?

Lipids

Sucrose is a disaccharide. What are the two monosaccharides that make up sucrose? What is the bond called?

Glucose and fructose; glycosidic bond 

Lactose is a disaccharide. What are the two monosaccharides that make up lactose? What is the bond called?

Glucose and galactose; glycosidic bond

Differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Saturated bonds are composed of only single bonds, usually come from animals, and is solid at room temp. Unsaturated bonds do not contain all single bonds, usually come from plants and is liquid at room temp.

What are triglycerides composed of?

1 glycerol (3 carbon sugar alcohol) + 3 fatty acid chains (chains can be same or different)

What are phospholipids composed of?

1 glycerol (3 carbon sugar alcohol) + 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group

What varies between each amino acid?

R group side chain which determines the protein function

What are N-terminus and C-terminus on a polypeptide chain?

N-terminus is free amino end and C-terminus is free carboxyl end

Carbohydrates

Monomer: monosaccharides. Polymer: polysaccharides.

Proteins

Monomer: amino acids. Polymer: polypeptide or protein

Lipids 

Monomer: N/A.  Polymer: N/A

Nucleic Acids

Monomer: nucleotides. Polymer: nucleic acids

Bond formed by carbohydrates when form its polymer unit?

Glycosidic bond

Bond formed by lipids when forms its polymer unit?

Ester bond

Bond formed by proteins when forms its polymer unit?

Peptide bond

Bond formed by nucleic acids when forms its polymer unit?

Phosphodiester bond

Function of carbohydrates?

Energy storage, cell structure (cell wall in algae and fungi)

Function of lipids?

Energy storage, cushion of vital organs, preserves body heat, maintains integrity of plasma membrane 

Function of proteins?

Provide support, provide growth and nutrition, help with movement, speed up chemical reactions by enzymes

Function of nucleic acids?

Store genetic information (DNA/RNA) and currency of cell (ATP)

Differences between RNA and DNA?

DNA: double stranded, thymine. RNA: single stranded, uracil

Why can it be very dangerous for a human to have a prolonged fever?

Can cause proteins to denature and no longer carry out its normal function.

What is special about structure of phospholipids?

Have hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

How many naturally occurring amino acids? What structure of protein is determined by genetic information?

20; primary structure

What elements make up 96% of our body weight?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

Organic contain carbon and hydrogen; inorganic compounds do NOT contain both carbon and hydrogen 

Why is carbon such a unique and important element?

Found in all living organisms; has 4 valence electrons and can form 4 bonds, chains, and rings 

Difference between covalent and ionic bonding?

Covalent : 2 nonmetals sharing Ionic: metal and non metal transfer

What tells you ability of an element to react with other atoms or molecules?

Valence electrons

What is an isomer?

Two molecules that have the same molecular formula