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Homestead Act
Provided 160 acres of land for settlers.
Pacific Railroad Act
Established route for the Transcontinental Railroad.
Conservationist Movement
Advocated for preservation of natural resources.
Department of the Interior
Manages and conserves federal lands and resources.
U.S. Fish Commission
Created to preserve fisheries and prevent overfishing.
John Muir
Founded Sierra Club to promote conservation efforts.
Theodore Roosevelt
Championed federal conservation efforts in Period 7.
Sand Creek Massacre
Colorado militia killed over 100 Native Americans.
Battle of Little Bighorn
Sitting Bull's forces defeated Colonel Custer.
Ghost Dance Movement
Cultural revival among Sioux to restore their way of life.
Battle of Wounded Knee
Last major battle, U.S. Army killed over 200 Native Americans.
Dawes Severalty Act
Aimed to dissolve tribal land ownership and structures.
Assimilation Policies
Efforts to integrate Native Americans into American society.
Horizontal Integration
Consolidating competitors to monopolize an industry.
Vertical Integration
Controlling all production aspects from raw materials to finished products.
Monopolies
Market dominance by a single company or entity.
Trusts
Legal entities to reduce competition among businesses.
Pools
Agreements between companies to fix prices.
Social Darwinism
Belief that wealth reflects hard work and superiority.
Laissez-faire policies
Government non-interference in business regulations.
Industrialization
Significant technological change and large-scale production.
Regional Differences
Economic and population growth in the West.
Tenant Farming
Labor system involving African Americans and poor whites.
Sharecropping
Agricultural labor system with shared crop profits.
Labor Movement
Workers organized for better wages and conditions.
Knights of Labor
Inclusive union founded in 1869 by Terrence Powderly.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Union founded in 1886 focusing on skilled workers.
Bread and Butter Issues
Basic worker concerns: wages, conditions, hours.
Homestead Strike (1892)
Failed strike at Carnegie Steel; workers defeated.
Pullman Strike (1894)
Strike ended by Army intervention; Eugene Debs jailed.
Grange Movement
Farmers' organization for social activities and reforms.
Farmers Alliance
Political movement for farmers' rights in the 1870s.
Colored Farmers Alliance
African-American farmers' group split from Farmers Alliance.
Populist Party
Political party advocating for farmers and workers.
Government Ownership of Railroads
Populist demand for public control of rail transport.
Free Silver
Populist policy to increase money supply via silver.
Income Tax
Tax structure proposed by Populists for wealthier citizens.
Direct Election of Senators
Populist reform for more democratic senatorial elections.
Granger Laws
Laws protecting farmers from railroad abuses.
Munn vs. Illinois
Court ruling allowing state regulation of railroads.
Wabash Case (1886)
Overturned Munn, limiting state regulation of interstate commerce.
Laissez-faire Philosophy
Economic approach minimizing government intervention.
Corruption in Gilded Age
Era marked by political corruption and business ties.
Interstate Commerce Act
Regulated trade between states, setting a precedent.
Sherman Antitrust Act
Outlawed monopolies that restrained trade and fixed prices.
Great Migration
African-Americans moved North to escape segregation.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Ended Chinese immigration to the U.S. effectively.
American Protective Association
Anti-Catholic group restricting Catholic immigration.
Literacy tests
Excluded undesirable immigrants based on literacy.
Conspicuous consumption
Wealth displayed publicly to show economic power.
Tenement housing
Poor living conditions documented by Jacob Riis.
Gospel of Wealth
Wealthy have a moral obligation to help others.
Settlement house movement
Assisted immigrants and alleviated urban poverty.
Social Gospel Movement
Christians addressing urban poverty and social justice.
Socialist Party
Challenged capitalism, advocating for social reforms.
National American Woman Suffrage Association
Sought women's right to vote, led by Stanton.
Booker T. Washington
Promoted vocational skills for African-American self-respect.
Tuskegee Institute
Established by Washington for vocational training.
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Key figure against lynching and women's rights.
Internal Migration
Settlers moved west for opportunities post-Homestead Act.
External Migration
Immigrants from Europe settled in urban job markets.
Political machines
Corrupt organizations trading services for political support.
Class divisions
Separation between rich and poor in cities.
Racial and ethnic divisions
Formation of ethnic communities like Little Italy.
Child labor
Exploitation of children in dangerous working conditions.