Post-Civil War Expansion and Social Movements

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65 Terms

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Homestead Act

Provided 160 acres of land for settlers.

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Pacific Railroad Act

Established route for the Transcontinental Railroad.

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Conservationist Movement

Advocated for preservation of natural resources.

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Department of the Interior

Manages and conserves federal lands and resources.

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U.S. Fish Commission

Created to preserve fisheries and prevent overfishing.

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John Muir

Founded Sierra Club to promote conservation efforts.

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Theodore Roosevelt

Championed federal conservation efforts in Period 7.

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Sand Creek Massacre

Colorado militia killed over 100 Native Americans.

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Battle of Little Bighorn

Sitting Bull's forces defeated Colonel Custer.

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Ghost Dance Movement

Cultural revival among Sioux to restore their way of life.

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Battle of Wounded Knee

Last major battle, U.S. Army killed over 200 Native Americans.

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Dawes Severalty Act

Aimed to dissolve tribal land ownership and structures.

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Assimilation Policies

Efforts to integrate Native Americans into American society.

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Horizontal Integration

Consolidating competitors to monopolize an industry.

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Vertical Integration

Controlling all production aspects from raw materials to finished products.

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Monopolies

Market dominance by a single company or entity.

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Trusts

Legal entities to reduce competition among businesses.

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Pools

Agreements between companies to fix prices.

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Social Darwinism

Belief that wealth reflects hard work and superiority.

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Laissez-faire policies

Government non-interference in business regulations.

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Industrialization

Significant technological change and large-scale production.

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Regional Differences

Economic and population growth in the West.

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Tenant Farming

Labor system involving African Americans and poor whites.

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Sharecropping

Agricultural labor system with shared crop profits.

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Labor Movement

Workers organized for better wages and conditions.

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Knights of Labor

Inclusive union founded in 1869 by Terrence Powderly.

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American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Union founded in 1886 focusing on skilled workers.

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Bread and Butter Issues

Basic worker concerns: wages, conditions, hours.

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Homestead Strike (1892)

Failed strike at Carnegie Steel; workers defeated.

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Pullman Strike (1894)

Strike ended by Army intervention; Eugene Debs jailed.

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Grange Movement

Farmers' organization for social activities and reforms.

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Farmers Alliance

Political movement for farmers' rights in the 1870s.

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Colored Farmers Alliance

African-American farmers' group split from Farmers Alliance.

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Populist Party

Political party advocating for farmers and workers.

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Government Ownership of Railroads

Populist demand for public control of rail transport.

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Free Silver

Populist policy to increase money supply via silver.

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Income Tax

Tax structure proposed by Populists for wealthier citizens.

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Direct Election of Senators

Populist reform for more democratic senatorial elections.

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Granger Laws

Laws protecting farmers from railroad abuses.

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Munn vs. Illinois

Court ruling allowing state regulation of railroads.

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Wabash Case (1886)

Overturned Munn, limiting state regulation of interstate commerce.

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Laissez-faire Philosophy

Economic approach minimizing government intervention.

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Corruption in Gilded Age

Era marked by political corruption and business ties.

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Interstate Commerce Act

Regulated trade between states, setting a precedent.

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Sherman Antitrust Act

Outlawed monopolies that restrained trade and fixed prices.

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Great Migration

African-Americans moved North to escape segregation.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

Ended Chinese immigration to the U.S. effectively.

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American Protective Association

Anti-Catholic group restricting Catholic immigration.

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Literacy tests

Excluded undesirable immigrants based on literacy.

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Conspicuous consumption

Wealth displayed publicly to show economic power.

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Tenement housing

Poor living conditions documented by Jacob Riis.

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Gospel of Wealth

Wealthy have a moral obligation to help others.

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Settlement house movement

Assisted immigrants and alleviated urban poverty.

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Social Gospel Movement

Christians addressing urban poverty and social justice.

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Socialist Party

Challenged capitalism, advocating for social reforms.

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National American Woman Suffrage Association

Sought women's right to vote, led by Stanton.

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Booker T. Washington

Promoted vocational skills for African-American self-respect.

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Tuskegee Institute

Established by Washington for vocational training.

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Ida B. Wells-Barnett

Key figure against lynching and women's rights.

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Internal Migration

Settlers moved west for opportunities post-Homestead Act.

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External Migration

Immigrants from Europe settled in urban job markets.

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Political machines

Corrupt organizations trading services for political support.

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Class divisions

Separation between rich and poor in cities.

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Racial and ethnic divisions

Formation of ethnic communities like Little Italy.

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Child labor

Exploitation of children in dangerous working conditions.