Units 1-3 Key Concepts Quiz

Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.

1. Confucianism 2. Mandate of Heaven 3. merit-based civil service system 4. scholar-gentry 5. Song Dynasty

Chinese cultural traditions continued, and they influenced neighboring regions.

1. Neo-Confucianism

2. filial piety

3. Confucian attitudes toward women 4. China’s tributary system

5. the spread of Chinese scholarly traditions to Heian Japan and Korea

Buddhism and its core beliefs continued to shape societies in Asia and included a variety of branches, schools, and practices.

Branches of Buddhism: 1) Theravada 2) Mahayana 3) Tibetan

The economy of Song China became increasingly commercialized while continuing to depend on free peasant and artisanal labor.

1. the economy of Song China

2. fast-ripening rice (aka “champa rice”)

3. Song textiles and porcelain for export

Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Africa and Asia.

Dar al-Islam

hajj

As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity.

Seljuk Empire

Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt

Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries.

Delhi Sultanate

Sufis

Muslim states and empires encouraged significant intellectual innovations and transfers.

Muslim advances in mathematics .Muslim advances in literature

Muslim advances in medicine

Muslim preservation of Greek philosophy

House of Wisdom

scholarly and cultural transfers resulting from the Crusades

Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia.

bhakti movement

Buddhist monasticism

State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.

Srivijaya Empire

Rajput kingdoms

Khmer Empire

Angkor Wat

In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach.

Maya city-states

Aztec Empire

Inca Empire

Chaco

Cahokia

In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity and expanded in scope and reach.

Great Zimbabwe

Ethiopia

Hausa kingdoms

Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Europe.

social role of the Catholic Church political role of the Catholic Church consequences of the Crusades (including the Fourth)

Al-Andalus

Europe was politically fragmented and characterized by decentralized monarchies.

feudalism

manorial system

Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labor.

serfdom

Improved commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes promoting the growth of powerful trading cities

Hanseatic League

Silk Roads

Kashgar

Samarkand

The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies.

caravanserai

bills of exchange

banking houses

Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro-Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China.

banking houses

paper money

Empires collapsed in different regions of the world and in some areas were replaced by new imperial states.

Genghis Khan

Kublai Khan

Mongol khanates

The expansion of empires – including the Mongols – facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.

Pax Mongolica

Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires, including the Mongols, encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers.

transfers of numbering systems and printing technologies to Europe

adoption of the Uyghur script

Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the Indian Ocean, promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities.

magnetic compass

astrolabe

The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies.

magnetic compass

astrolabe

dhows

junks

The Indian Ocean trading network fostered the growth of states.

city-states of the Swahili Coast

Gujarat

Sultanate of Malacca

In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous cultures and, in turn, indigenous cultures influenced merchant cultures.

Arab and Persian diasporic communities in China

Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia

Arab and Persian communities in East Africa

Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers, including during Chinese maritime activity.

Zheng He

The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge.

knowledge of the monsoon winds

The growth of interregional trade was encouraged by innovations in existing transportation technologies.

camel saddle

caravans

Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the trans-Saharan trade network.

camel saddle

caravans

The expansion of empires – including Mali in West Africa – facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into the economic and trade networks.

Mansa Musa

Timbuktu

Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions, as well as scientific and technological innovations.

influence of Buddhism in East Asia

spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia

spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

gunpowder from China

paper from China

The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline and periods of increased urbanization, buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.

influence of Buddhism in East Asia

spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia

spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

gunpowder from China

paper from China

As exchange networks intensified, an increasing number of travelers within Afro-Eurasia wrote about their travels.

Ibn Battuta

Marco Polo

There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens, with epidemic diseases, including the bubonic plague, along trade routes.

Arab Agricultural Revolution

bananas in Africa

Black Death

Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.

Qing Dynasty

Mughal Dynasty

Akbar the Great

Ottoman Empire (including Suleiman the Magnificent)

Safavid Empire

Land empires included the Manchu in Central and East Asia; the Mughal in South and Central Asia; the Ottoman in southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the Safavids in the Middle East.

Qing Dynasty

Mughal Dynasty

Akbar the Great

Ottoman Empire (including Suleiman the Magnificent)

Safavid Empire

Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states

Safavid-Mughal conflict

Songhai Empire’s conflict with Morocco

Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.

Ottoman devshirme

salaried samurai

Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.

European notions of the divine right of kings

Songhai Empire’s promotion of Islam

Qing imperial portraits

Incan sun temple of Cuzco

Mughal mausoleums and mosques (including the Taj Mahal)

Palace of Versailles

Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.

European public debt financing

Mughal zamindar tax collection

Ottoman tax farming

Ming collection of taxes in hard currency

Mexica tribute lists

The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity.

Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther

John Calvin

Henry VIII

Catholic Reformation (including Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits)

Political rivalries between two empires intensified the split within Islam between Sunni and Shia.

Ottoman-Safavid political rivalry

Developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam.

Sikhism