Unit 6 APHG Vocab Quiz 1

Borchert's Transportation Model

describe urban growth based on transportation technology. Each new form of technology produced a new system that changed how people moved themselves and goods in and between urban areas. He divided urban history into four epochs. Each epoch profoundly affected the local scale related to a city's form (shape), size, density, and spatial arrangement.

City

a higher-density area with territory inside officially recognized political boundaries.

City-State

consists of an urban center (the city) and surrounding territory and agricultural villages. Has its own political system and functions independently from others.

Central Place Theory

explains the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region. The model uses consumer behavior related to purchasing goods and services to explain the distribution of settlements.

Central Business Center

The commercial heart of a city. Often located near the physical center of a city or the crossroads where the city was founded. Its the focus of transportation and services.

Clustered rural settlement

a settlement pattern where multiple families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings.

Dispersed rural settlement

characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements

Ecumene

the portion of Earth's surface permanently inhabited by humans

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Gravity Model

this model states that larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther from each other.

Higher-order services

services that are usually expensive, need a large number of people to support and are only occasionally utilized.

Examples include major sports teams, large malls, luxury car dealerships, and large specialized research hospitals.

Lower-order services

services that are usually less expensive than higher-order services, require a small population to support and are used on a daily or weekly basis.

Examples include gas stations, local grocery stores, or small restaurants.

Market Area/Hinterland

zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services and it surrounds a central place

Primate City

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. It's more developed than other cities in the system.

Range

The distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services

Rank-Size Rule

describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region may develop. It states that the nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of the largest city.

Site

describes the characteristics at the immediate location-for example, physical features, climate, labor force, and human structures.

Situation

refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places. Examples would include

near a gold mine, on the coast, or by the railroad.

Settlement

a place with a permanent human population.

Service

work that is performed for someone

Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.

Threshold

The size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable

Urban Hearth

area generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils allowed for an agricultural surplus

Urbanization

The process of developing towns and cities - also involves the causes and effects of existing cities' growth

Urban Hierarchy

ranking, based on influence or population size.

air and water quality

The scale of unusable to useable water and air in an area of a city. The water quality depends on the source and how it travels to the area in which it is disposed for use by an individual.

bid-rent theory

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases. The closer land is to the CBD, the more competition there will be for the land, since businesses wish to maximize profit

counterurbanization

the process of people moving away from urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas

ecological footprint

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

farmland protection policies

Policies enacted by governments that protect farmland and prevent it from being sold into other use. Uses zoning to identify areas of agricultural land use

Infilling

building on empty parcels of land within a checkerboard pattern of development

infrastructure

the underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity

linear settlement patterns

linear rural settlements comprise buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications

long lot survey

distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

low density housing

there is a smaller density of dwellings per unit area of property. ex. acre

You will find less congestion and more privacy

medium density housing

Subdivision or urban neighborhood

high density housing

the highest density of residents per unit area of land.

ex. condos

This is nosiest and most congested area

metes and bounds system

A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of metes and bounds surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survey system.

reurbanization

movement of people back into an area that has been previously abandoned. It is usually a government's initiative to counter the problem of inner city.

satellite city

when an established town near a very large city grows into a city independent of the larger one

suburbanization

movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions

sustainable design initiatives

sustainable design: communities use smart growth and green building to create neighborhoods that are economically thriving and environmentally responsible.

township and range system

A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.