Gen Chem 177 Chp.8 Solutions and aqueous reactions

What is a solute?

the substance that is dissolved

What is a solvent?

the substance in which the solute dissolves

What is the concentration of a solution?

relative amounts of solute and solvent.

What is concentrated?

large amount of solute

What is diluted?

more solvent than solute

What is molarity?

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, M= mol/L

What is parts per million?

mass of solute/mass of solution x 10^6

What is parts per billion?

mass of solute/mass of solution x 10^9

What makes a chemical poisonous?

Inherent toxicity, LD50(lethal median dose)

What is dilution?

The process of lowering the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent

M1 x V1= M2 x V2, mol1=mol2

What are electrolytes?

A solution that conducts electricity because it contains ions.

What are nonelectrolytes?

will not produce any ions when dissolved in water, and covalent bonds represent a small percentage of dissolved molecules

What are weak electrolytes?

Weak acids and weak bases partially dissociate into ions in a solution.

What are strong electrolytes?

ionic compounds, strong acids, strong bases

What ionic compounds are soluble?

Group 1 metal cations(NaCl, Li2SO4, K2CO), NO3-, ClO4-, C2H3O2- and (NH4+)

What ionic compounds are poorly soluble?

CaCO3, AgI, Pb3(PO4)2

What is a complete ionic equation?

A complete ionic equation separates the compounds of the reactants and products of a skeleton equation into separate elements

-The exception is that one can not separate the compounds of a solid compound product

What is a net ionic equation?

an equation for a reaction in solution that shows only those particles that are directly involved in the chemical change

What are spectator ions?

Ions that do not take part in the reaction

What is an acid?

Any compound that forms H+ ions in solution

What is a base?

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

What are Arrhenius bases?

Produce OH- ions in water

What are Bronsted-Lowry bases?

proton (H+) acceptors

What is a hydronium ion?

H3O+

What are the strong acids?

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO3, HClO4, H2SO4

What are the strong bases?

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

What are Oxyanions?

polyatomic ions that contain oxygen

What are Oxyacids?

acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element (usually a nonmetal)

Which end in -ate and -Ite?

two possible groupings, the one with

More oxygen atoms use the suffix -ate,

The one with fewer oxygen atoms uses the suffix -ite.

Which end in -ate and contain the prefix per-?

For four groupings, the prefix per- is

added to -ate for the compound with the

most oxygen atoms.

Which contain the prefix hypo- and end in -ite?

The prefix hypo- is added to -ite for the

compound with the fewest oxygen atoms.

What is neutralization?

A reaction between an acid and a base

What is titration?

A technique used to accurately measure the volume of one solution that reacts exactly with another solution

What is the equivalence point?

The point in a titration when neutralisation is reached (i.e. when moles H+ = moles OH-)

Which titrations have an equivalence point of 7

Strong acid by strong base or vice versa

Which titrations have an equivalence point < than 7

Weak acid by strong base

Which titrations have an equivalence point > than 7

Weak base by strong acid

What is the endpoint?

the point at which the observed change occurs

What is a Gas-Evolution reaction?

A reaction that produces a gas as one of the products.

What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

a chemical reaction in which electrons are exchanged between atoms

What is LEO?

Losing Electrons is Oxidization

What is GER

Gaining Electrons is Reductions

What is an oxidation state?

the charge an atom would have if it were an ion in a compound

Which have an oxidation state of 0?

Free elements, EX: Na(s) or Cl2(g)

What is the oxidation state of oxygen in oxides?

Always 2, EX: CO, CO2 ,H2O

What is the oxidation state of oxygen in peroxides?

-1,EX: H2O2

What is the oxidation state of hydrogen in a compound or polyatomic ion?

Almost always +1, EX: H2O, CH4, H

Exceptions: Hydrides -1, EX: NaH, CaH2, H,

What is the oxidation state of alkali metals? (group 1)

Always +1, EX: LiCl, Li2O

What is the oxidation state of alkaline earth metals?(group 2)

Always +2, EX: CaCl2, CaO,

What is the oxidation state of a monoatomic ion?

Na+: Na=+1, Al3+:Al=+3, O2-, O=-2

What is the oxidation state of halogens? (group 7)

Cl=-1, Ex: HCl , NaCl

All compounds of F=-1

What are the exceptions for the halogens?

Cl, Br, and I, when combined with O or F,

EX: Oxyacid, HClO, Oxidation states: H=+1, O=-2,Cl =+7

How does a species become oxidized?

when it loses electrons

How does a species become reduced?

when it gains electrons

When a species becomes oxidized, it's called?

the reducing agent

When a species becomes reduced, it's called?

the oxidizing agent

What is an oxidation half-reaction?

loses e-

What is a reduction half-reaction?

gain of e-