ap psych unit nine - social psychology
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study set over unit nine of ap psychology, social psychology.
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84 Terms
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attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.
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fundamental attribution error
the tendency to OVER-ATTRIBUTE the behavior of others to internal (dispositional (selfish, jerk)) factors, such as personal disposition (personality traits).
ex) if someone cuts you off your first thought is "what a jerk!" not, "maybe he's rushing to the hospital."
- but when it's us, we're much more aware and sensitive. so when we cut someone off it's "I'm late!" or "no one would let me over!"
ex) if someone cuts you off your first thought is "what a jerk!" not, "maybe he's rushing to the hospital."
- but when it's us, we're much more aware and sensitive. so when we cut someone off it's "I'm late!" or "no one would let me over!"
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self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably by attributing one's successes to internal factors (disposition) and one's failures to external factors (situation).
ex) if you got an A on the test, it was due to how awesome and smart you are, but if you got an F, it was due to the A.C being broken on test day so of course you didn't do well.
when you succeed it's because you're amazing, but when you fail it's someone or something else's fault.
ex) if you got an A on the test, it was due to how awesome and smart you are, but if you got an F, it was due to the A.C being broken on test day so of course you didn't do well.
when you succeed it's because you're amazing, but when you fail it's someone or something else's fault.
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attitude yielding actions
messages that cause change when one changes beliefs.
ex) when the people of jonestown joined the cult, their mindset towards the koolaid changed.
ex) when the people of jonestown joined the cult, their mindset towards the koolaid changed.
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self-fulfilling prophecy
someone elses belief about you that leads to its own fulfillment.
- if a coach thinks that freshmen suck and he never plays them, when he finally gives them a chance, they're going to suck because he never played them.
- if a coach thinks that freshmen suck and he never plays them, when he finally gives them a chance, they're going to suck because he never played them.
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foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
"you put your \______ in the door, opening it to a bigger picture."
ex) you ask to go on an overnight camping trip, then a few weekend trips, and then finally, what you really wanted, the week-long spring break trip.
"you put your \______ in the door, opening it to a bigger picture."
ex) you ask to go on an overnight camping trip, then a few weekend trips, and then finally, what you really wanted, the week-long spring break trip.
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door-in-the-face technique
asking for something large (that you know will be denied) and then agreeing that it was excessive. askee asks for something else, what they truly wanted in the first place, and because you seem willing to compromise, the request is more likely to be granted.
- opposite of foot in the door.
ex) you ask to go to Europe for a week with no adults and your parents say no, you say "you're right that's ridiculous, how about a weekend at the beach." and they think they can work with that.
- opposite of foot in the door.
ex) you ask to go to Europe for a week with no adults and your parents say no, you say "you're right that's ridiculous, how about a weekend at the beach." and they think they can work with that.
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attitude
how we feel about something; beliefs and feelings that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events. ex) if someone is nice, we may feel kindness toward them and act in a friendly way.
it's made up of three components:
- COGNITIVE (thinking): a set of beliefs about the attributes of an object.
- AFFECTIVE (feelings and emotions): feelings about the object.
- BEHAVIORAL (the way you act): the way people act toward the object.
it's made up of three components:
- COGNITIVE (thinking): a set of beliefs about the attributes of an object.
- AFFECTIVE (feelings and emotions): feelings about the object.
- BEHAVIORAL (the way you act): the way people act toward the object.
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false consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.
- a persuasive bias that causes people to see their own choices as common compared to existing circumstances.
ex) "everyone does it like that?"
- a persuasive bias that causes people to see their own choices as common compared to existing circumstances.
ex) "everyone does it like that?"
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confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
- you only see and hear what you want to see and hear.
- you only see and hear what you want to see and hear.
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just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
- why it was the women's fault and not the highwayman.
- why it was the women's fault and not the highwayman.
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halo effect
The tendency for positive interactions / impressions to positively influence one opinion or feelings in other areas.
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central route persuasion
(direct) attitudes change when interested people focus on the scientific evidence/argument and respond with favorable thoughts.
- fact-based.
- using facts about the item or thing you're trying to persuade them with.
ex) choosing a capital one card because they give you great flight miles.
- fact-based.
- using facts about the item or thing you're trying to persuade them with.
ex) choosing a capital one card because they give you great flight miles.
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peripheral route persuasion
(indirect) attitudes change when people make snap judgments at incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.
- emotion-based.
- using other things to persuade them, ex) attractive speakers or other on a car.
ex) If you love Harry Styles and he advertised the capital one card, you get the card because you love Harry.
- emotion-based.
- using other things to persuade them, ex) attractive speakers or other on a car.
ex) If you love Harry Styles and he advertised the capital one card, you get the card because you love Harry.
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cognitive dissonance
when people become aware of the inconsistencies (dissonance) between their attitude and behavior, they become anxious and are motivated to make them consistent.
ex) if someone smokes (behavior) but they think smoking is bad for them (belief). they get anxiety about it not matching, it's easiest to change the belief so they'll assure themselves that it can't be that bad for you, thus fixing the anxiety.
- he's changing his attitude (wanting the grapes) so that there isn't an inconsistency, or anxiety because he cannot get to them.
ex) if someone smokes (behavior) but they think smoking is bad for them (belief). they get anxiety about it not matching, it's easiest to change the belief so they'll assure themselves that it can't be that bad for you, thus fixing the anxiety.
- he's changing his attitude (wanting the grapes) so that there isn't an inconsistency, or anxiety because he cannot get to them.
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conformity
changing one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard that they want to belong to.
- simply doing things because the group does.
ex) the chameleon effect, or asch's line study.
- simply doing things because the group does.
ex) the chameleon effect, or asch's line study.
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compliance
the tendency to agree to ideas or to do things requested by others.
ex) group think.
EXPLICIT - direct request
IMPLICIT - indirect request
ex) group think.
EXPLICIT - direct request
IMPLICIT - indirect request
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obedience
the act of carrying out a demand of someone above you in the "social hierarchy."
ex) your mother tells you to empty the dishwasher so you do.
- stanley milgram's shock experiment
ex) your mother tells you to empty the dishwasher so you do.
- stanley milgram's shock experiment
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social facilitation
the tendency for one's performance of a task to improve in the presence of others.
ex) generally a sport, or other simple learned tasks.
ex) generally a sport, or other simple learned tasks.
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social loafing
the tendency for one's performance to decrease in a group setting.
- feel less accountable when in a group.
ex) if you're on a tug-of-war team, you perform less than you would if alone.
- feel less accountable when in a group.
ex) if you're on a tug-of-war team, you perform less than you would if alone.
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deindividuation
also known as mob mentality. loss of self-awareness and restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
- you feel less accountable.
ex) tipping a car at a riot with everyone else.
- you feel less accountable.
ex) tipping a car at a riot with everyone else.
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group polarization
upon discussing, a group becomes more polarized meaning when in a like-minded group you will leave a discussion feeling even more extreme and committed to the thought you were likeminded (discussing) about.
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mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel (new) stimuli increases liking of them.
ex) they did an experiment in a college class, the first one of the semester, where the professor put someone wearing a garbage bag in the back of the room. they stayed there the entire time, every class period, and by the end, results collected by a survey said the students responded with "I kind of like them!"
ex) they did an experiment in a college class, the first one of the semester, where the professor put someone wearing a garbage bag in the back of the room. they stayed there the entire time, every class period, and by the end, results collected by a survey said the students responded with "I kind of like them!"
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matching hypothesis
states that people tend to date, marry, or form other committed relationships with those who are similar in physical attractiveness.
- in other words, "we're not all running for the zac efrons and the selena gomez's of the world" because researchers believe it may be more about compromise.
- in other words, "we're not all running for the zac efrons and the selena gomez's of the world" because researchers believe it may be more about compromise.
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companion love
trust, love for a companion.
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passionate love
the first phase of intimate love, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship (when you're consumed by thoughts of that person).
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compassionate love
the second phase of intimate love; a deep, affectionate intimate attachment marked by mutual concern for the others well being.
- less arousing, but more intimate.
- it's whats "left" after the passion dissipates.
INCLUDES: equity and self-disclosure.
- less arousing, but more intimate.
- it's whats "left" after the passion dissipates.
INCLUDES: equity and self-disclosure.
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equity
one of two vital components for maintaining intimate love, it means when one receives what they give to the relationship.
ex) if you're always fair and impartial to your partner, they will be fair and impartial to you.
ex) if you're always fair and impartial to your partner, they will be fair and impartial to you.
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self-disclosure
one of two vital components for maintaining intimate love, a good example is sharing personal info with someone else (revealing intimate info about yourself).
- being vulnerable.
- being vulnerable.
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altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
- you want to help someone solely to help them.
- you want to help someone solely to help them.
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frustration-aggression hypothesis
the principle that frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression.
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excitation transfer
arousal from one experience may carry over to independent situation.
ex) after a workout you come home and find your house broken into, you're more likely to act aggressively due to your already heightened state.
ex) after a workout you come home and find your house broken into, you're more likely to act aggressively due to your already heightened state.
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prejudice
simply called "prejudgment" it's an unjustifiable (usually negative) preconceived attitude or opinion about a group or its members- often different cultural, ethnic, or gender groups- that is not based on reason or actual experience.
ex) pride and prejudice
ex) pride and prejudice
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stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people that may or may not be true.
ex) all teenage girls love coffee and claw clips.
ex) all teenage girls love coffee and claw clips.
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discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members based on, sometimes physical, attributes.
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stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
- think back to the brown/blue eyes experiment; reading flash card times in different groups.
- think back to the brown/blue eyes experiment; reading flash card times in different groups.
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ingroup
the group you belong and identify with.
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outgroup
the group you do not belong nor identify with.
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ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group.
ex) the tendency to forgive someone in your group for something you normally would never forgive anyone for.
ex) the tendency to forgive someone in your group for something you normally would never forgive anyone for.
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outgroup bias
tendency to focus on negative aspects of other people's groups.
- "they" when addressing other groups.
ex) "they all act and behave the same way"
- "they" when addressing other groups.
ex) "they all act and behave the same way"
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scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
ex) blaming your bother for your bad grade in math.
ex) blaming your bother for your bad grade in math.
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superordinate goals
higher-level goals taking priority over specific individual or group goals (prejudice between coworkers, is a good example).
- challenging, concrete, and specific goals.
- challenging, concrete, and specific goals.
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social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior that leads to negative outcomes.
- hard to withdraw from; "stuck".
- hard to withdraw from; "stuck".
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minority influence
the case where constant exposure to minority groups and members influences the behavior or beliefs of the majority.
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vivid case
associating something with your own experience.
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categorization
sorting and \____________ based on certain characteristics.
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aggression
any physical or verbal behavior- generally hostile- intended to hurt or destroy.
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norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.
ex) social \_______
ex) social \_______
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normative social influence
reason for conformity:
want to avoid rejection and/or gain approval from someone they admire.
ex) when going golfing, everyone wheres shorts and a polo.
want to avoid rejection and/or gain approval from someone they admire.
ex) when going golfing, everyone wheres shorts and a polo.
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informational social influence
reason for conformity:
due to the fact that the group may provide valuable info, you accept their opinions (one's willingness to accept other opinions about reality​) because it's hard to stand alone tough decisions.
ex) teenagers habit of believing everything they see on the internet or the news.
ex 2) associating with a certain political party.
due to the fact that the group may provide valuable info, you accept their opinions (one's willingness to accept other opinions about reality​) because it's hard to stand alone tough decisions.
ex) teenagers habit of believing everything they see on the internet or the news.
ex 2) associating with a certain political party.
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social inhibition
the tendency for behaviors that are exhibited when one is alone to be minimized in the presence of others​.
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other-race effect
a phenomenon showing that people are generally better at recognizing faces of their own race, compared to faces of different races​.
ex) when a victim cannot pick offender out of a line up because they all look like the offender.
ex) when a victim cannot pick offender out of a line up because they all look like the offender.
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social script
a series of behaviors, actions, and consequences that are expected in a particular situation or environment.​
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diffusion of responsibility
the theory that as there are more bystanders in an area the personal responsibility that a single bystander feels decreases as it spreads amongst those present.
- without the bystander effect you cannot have this.
- "the more people around the less likely someone is to get help."
- the response.
ex) if there are 2000 students in the hallway and one drops their books, they're less likely to be helped due to \_____________ that leads to the bystander effect.
- without the bystander effect you cannot have this.
- "the more people around the less likely someone is to get help."
- the response.
ex) if there are 2000 students in the hallway and one drops their books, they're less likely to be helped due to \_____________ that leads to the bystander effect.
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bystander effect
the tendency where as the number of people present increases, the likelihood that one person will help decreases.
- it just happens.
- a part of DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY.
- the phenomenon.
ex) if there are 2000 students in the hallway and one drops their books, they're less likely to be helped due to diffusion of responsibility that leads to the \___________ effect.
- it just happens.
- a part of DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY.
- the phenomenon.
ex) if there are 2000 students in the hallway and one drops their books, they're less likely to be helped due to diffusion of responsibility that leads to the \___________ effect.
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social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is based on a cost to benefit ratio \---\> "how much do I get in comparison to how much the person getting helped is getting help?"
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reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. (returning kindness and favor)
ex) when a car dealer significantly lowers the price, the buyer feels an overwhelming sense of debt and pressure to buy the car to return the favor.
ex) when a car dealer significantly lowers the price, the buyer feels an overwhelming sense of debt and pressure to buy the car to return the favor.
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social-responsibility norm
a theory that tells us why we should help other people who need assistance without the need for incentive.
ex) if you drive past someone who is trying to change their tire and have clearly no idea how to do it, you're supposed to stop and help them.
ex) if you drive past someone who is trying to change their tire and have clearly no idea how to do it, you're supposed to stop and help them.
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conflict
a struggle between two opposing forces ; fight or disagreement.
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mirror-image perceptions
a tendency people have where they view themselves as the opposite of the person they are having conflict with.
ex) "we are nothing alike!"
ex) "we are nothing alike!"
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social dilemma
situations where selfish behavior that benefits an individual in the short run may spell disaster for an entire group in the long run.
ex) prisoners dilemma: think of criminal minds, partners in crime are arrested and separated immediately. the DA believes that they are guilty but lacks the evidence. each can either confess or not
the best outcome would be: if one remains silent and one confesses, he can go free while the other serves a ten-year sentence.
ex) prisoners dilemma: think of criminal minds, partners in crime are arrested and separated immediately. the DA believes that they are guilty but lacks the evidence. each can either confess or not
the best outcome would be: if one remains silent and one confesses, he can go free while the other serves a ten-year sentence.
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ethnocentrism
using ones own culture as a norm when judging other cultures​.
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situational attribution
attributing behavior to the environment.
ex) when someone cuts you off you blame it on the situation (unanticipated emergency), his wife was in labor, he just needs to get to the hospital.
ex) when someone cuts you off you blame it on the situation (unanticipated emergency), his wife was in labor, he just needs to get to the hospital.
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dispositional attribution
attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits.
ex) when someone cuts you off you blame it on their personality, he's a selfish jerk who prioritized himself.
ex) when someone cuts you off you blame it on their personality, he's a selfish jerk who prioritized himself.
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elaboration likelihood model
theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route in a chart.
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social comparison theory
The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people.
- a person determines their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others.
- a person determines their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others.
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group think
a way of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in decision-making overrides possible alternatives.
- compliance
ex) "I just want to go with the group and it looks like all of them are agreeing and I don't want to cause a rift, so even though I think differently, I'm not going to say anything."
- compliance
ex) "I just want to go with the group and it looks like all of them are agreeing and I don't want to cause a rift, so even though I think differently, I'm not going to say anything."
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contact hypothesis
the idea that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases.
ex) going to a diverse school with expose you to other cultures, ethnicities, and gender groups so that your prejudice and stereotypes will diminish.
ex) going to a diverse school with expose you to other cultures, ethnicities, and gender groups so that your prejudice and stereotypes will diminish.
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social responsibility norm
largely learned, it is a norm that tells us to help others when they need us even though they may not repay us.
ex) help the old lady across the street and she may or may not reward you with candy.
ex) help the old lady across the street and she may or may not reward you with candy.
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self concept
an individuals sense of self in regards to society and personal norms.
- when creating our self-concept we compare ourselves to societies norms.
ex) a girl calling herself a "tom boy" because she likes things that boys generally like.
- when creating our self-concept we compare ourselves to societies norms.
ex) a girl calling herself a "tom boy" because she likes things that boys generally like.
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sternberg's triangular theory of love
a triangle of love.
TOP: liking (intimacy)
BOTTOM LEFT: infatuation (passion)
BOTTOM RIGHT: empty love (commitment)
BOTTOM MIDDLE: fatuous love (passion + commitment)
MIDDLE RIGHT: companionate (intimacy + commit)
MIDDLE LEFT: romantic love (passion + intimacy)
INSIDE: consummate love (intimacy, commitment, and passion).
TOP: liking (intimacy)
BOTTOM LEFT: infatuation (passion)
BOTTOM RIGHT: empty love (commitment)
BOTTOM MIDDLE: fatuous love (passion + commitment)
MIDDLE RIGHT: companionate (intimacy + commit)
MIDDLE LEFT: romantic love (passion + intimacy)
INSIDE: consummate love (intimacy, commitment, and passion).
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empathy-altruism hypothesis
the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons; usually motivated by the desire to increase another persons well-being.
- do it without regards for an incentive.
- do it without regards for an incentive.
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evolutionary theory
a theory saying that we help relatives because it increases the chance that our genes will survive in the future.
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confederate/ psuedo-participants
paid actors in an experiement.
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phillip zimbardo
did the "stanford prison study": the importance of role-playing.
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stanford prison experiment
experiment done by phillip zimbardo where he tested social norms and expectations.
- mock prison, uniforms, and arrests, etc.
he randomly assigned titles of prisoner and guard to a group of volunteer college students.
RESULTS: the college students (guards) did things they never would have done otherwise (group polarization) and after seven days the experiment had to be stopped because they were so consumed in their roles.m
- mock prison, uniforms, and arrests, etc.
he randomly assigned titles of prisoner and guard to a group of volunteer college students.
RESULTS: the college students (guards) did things they never would have done otherwise (group polarization) and after seven days the experiment had to be stopped because they were so consumed in their roles.m
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kitty genovese
a woman whose 32 minute murder in front of over 37 witnesses led to research on diffusion of responsibility and the bystander effect.
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soloman asch
he studied conformity through the famous line experiment.
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line study
a study organized by soloman asch on conformity.
he sent in nine actors to answer a question incorrectly to see what the test subject (number 10) would do.
- 75% conformed and answered incorrectly with the other nine "participants".
he sent in nine actors to answer a question incorrectly to see what the test subject (number 10) would do.
- 75% conformed and answered incorrectly with the other nine "participants".
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stanley milgram
he wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience, wanted to see how far individuals would go to be obedient, so he conducted the shock study.
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the shock experiment
an experiment led by stanley milgram where he tested the effects of authority on obedience.
he would use a shocking machine where a student would be hooked up and he would tell the teacher to shock the student every time they got an answer wrong.
- testing how many would go "all the way" and over 65% did simply because a man in a white lab coat told them to.
he would use a shocking machine where a student would be hooked up and he would tell the teacher to shock the student every time they got an answer wrong.
- testing how many would go "all the way" and over 65% did simply because a man in a white lab coat told them to.
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clark's doll test
an experiment led by kenneth clark and mamie clark to test the effects of segregation on black children.
- did the "seperate but equal" norm of society impact the way that black children viewed themselves?
RESULTS: the clarks concluded that discrimination and segregation caused black children to develop a sense of inferiority, and even self hatred.
- did the "seperate but equal" norm of society impact the way that black children viewed themselves?
RESULTS: the clarks concluded that discrimination and segregation caused black children to develop a sense of inferiority, and even self hatred.
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leon festinger
discovered cognitive dissonance theory and social comparison theory.
ex) discomfort felt when an individual who (1) holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time or (2) is confronted by new information that conflicts with existing beliefs, ideas, or values.
ex) discomfort felt when an individual who (1) holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time or (2) is confronted by new information that conflicts with existing beliefs, ideas, or values.
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john darley and bibb latane
conducted the smokey room experiment; discovered the bystander effect; diffusion of responsibility.
- did studies on bystander apathy and bystander effect.
- did studies on bystander apathy and bystander effect.
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Flashcards (31)