Tudors Flashcards

Flashcards in the FILL_IN_THE_BLANK style.

Battle of Bosworth

Henry Tudor became King Henry VII of England, after he killed the previous King Richard III at the ___ on 22 August 1485.

21 August 1485

Henry VII backdated his reign from ___ so that anyone who fought against him at Bosworth was a traitor.

Elizabeth of York

In January 1486, Henry married ___ to exploit propaganda surrounding the union of the two houses.

Prince Arthur

In September 1489, Henry VII had an heir named __.

Edward, Earl of Warwick

__ was accused of treason for conspiring with Perkin Warbeck against Henry in 1499 and was beheaded for doing so.

Sir William Stanley

__ was rewarded with the post of Lord Chamberlain after Bosworth, but was later accused of treason.

Francis, Viscount Lovell

__ was a key supporter of Richard III and led the first minor uprising against Henry VII.

Lambert Simnel

__ was passed off as the Earl of Warwick and crowned King Edward of England in Ireland in May 1487.

Battle of Stoke Field, 1487

Henry wasn’t confident in the __ , but his army was led by the Earl of Oxford and held firm, and Lincoln was killed in the battle.

Perkin Warbeck

__ claimed to be Richard, Duke of York and was a persistent irritant to Henry VII for eight years.

The Earl of Warwick

__ was executed in 1499, after having been accused of conspiring with Perkin Warbeck.

Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk

__ fled to Flanders in 1498, but was persuaded to return after a short exile, before he fled once again in 1501.

227

Around __ men are recorded as having attended the Council during Henry’s reign, however the actual working council was a much smaller affair with around six or seven members.

John Morton

__ was a highly able churchman and lawyer, and started his career as a passionate Lancastrian but made peace with the Yorkists when he started work for Edward IV, under whom he became Bishop of Ely.

Sir Reginald Bray

__ had been a faithful servant of Henry Tudor for a long time and also led the Council Learned in Law.

Council

The __ had three main functions: to advise the King, to administer the realm on the King’s behalf, and to make legal judgments.

Great Council

The __ only actually met 5 times through Henry’s reign and usually concerned itself with issues relating to war or rebellion.

Council Learned in Law

The __ was led by Bray and met in the office of the Duchy of Lancaster to maintain the King’s revenue and exploit his prerogative rights.

Sir Richard Empson

__ and Edmund Dudley were key members of the Council Learned in Law, and they raised the extraction of money from the King’s subjects to a fine art.

The Chamber

__ was politically important and was presided over by the Lord Chamberlain.

Privy Chamber

The __ was a place where the monarch could retreat and be protected by his closest servants, and as they had direct access to the King, they were the most influential.

not central

Parliament was made of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and was __ to the system of government.

fifteenths and tenths

Parliament granted taxation to the Crown, and the most common types were and .

Justices of the Peace (JPs)

__ were appointed on a county-by-county basis and met four times a year to administer justice.

Justices of the peace (JPs)

The king relied on __ to maintain law and order at a local level, responsible for tax assessments, alehouse regulation, investigating complaints, and maintaining law and order.

bonds and recognisances

Henry restored law and order through and — financial penalties.

Chamber

Henry VII decided to revert Edward IV’s system of administration through the __ Chamber, which led to improved finances and an increase in income to around £42,000/year by the end of his reign.

Etaples

At the Treaty of __ 1492, France agreed to pay Henry a pension of £5000 per annum.

Treaty of Radon

England and Brittany agreed to the __ , in which Anne (the only heir of the ruling duke) would pay for a small British Army to defend Brittany from the French threat.

Treaty of Etaples

The __ was signed in November 1492, in which Charles the VI I withdrew his support for Perkin Warbeck and paid him a pension to Henry to compensate him for the expense of having recruited an army of invasion.

embargo

Henry imposed __ on English trade with burgundy due to the support of Perkin Warbeck, sacrificing commercial interest for dynastic ones.

Intercursus Magnus

Relations improved after Warbeck left Burgundy, and they agreed on the __ in 1496.

Intercursus Malus

__ was a treaty imposed on Phillip of Burgundy but he never became fully operative.

Treaty of Medina Del Campo

The 1492 __ gave mutual protection and marriage between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon.

Princess Margaret

It was agreed that Henry’s daughter, the __ should marry James and this wedding took place in 1503 after being sanctioned the following year in the Treaty of Perpetual Peace.

Pale

Henry VII only had control over the __ , whilst the rest of Ireland was controlled by the Anglo-Norman barons, mainly the Fitzgeralds and the Butlers.

Lieutenant

Henry appointed his infant son as __ of Ireland and Sir Edward Poynings as his deputy, who established royal authority through force and bribery, passing Poynings’ Law and trying to implement England’s law in Ireland.

Gerald Fitzgerald, 8th Earl of Kildare

He is known as ‘the uncrowned King of Ireland’ as he was the leading member of the Irish nobility. was Henry became dependent on Kildare for the maintenance of law and order in Ireland.

Jame IV

Margaret, Henry’s daughter, married __ of Scotland strengthening alliances with Scotland during his reign and weakening Perkin Warbeck’s threat to the Tudor dynasty.

English society

__ was not a rigidly structured but was instead stratified, with great landowners and senior churchmen at the top.

Bastard feudalism

__was used by wealthy magnates to recruit knights and gentlemen to serve them, but Henry sought to limit military power by releasing legislation against this.

John de Vere, Earl of Oxford

Henry’s most trusted military commander who led troops at Bosworth and Stoke was __ .

Giles, Baron Daubeney

Originally a Yorkist but he rebelled against Richard III in 1483, and fled to Brittany and transferred his loyalty to Henry, fighting for him at Bosworth was __ .

Esquires

The __ were the oldest sons of knights, the younger sons of barons, a,em invested as esquire, magistrates, and others of wealth.

Bishops and abbots

__ held political roles in the House of Lords.

Yeomen farmers

__ farmed substantial properties for an increasingly sophisticated market economy and formed a “peasant aristocracy”.

1489 and 1497

Living conditions for the poor improved in the second half of the fifteenth century but inflationary pressures caused social discontent leading to rebellions in and .

Cornish

The __ Rebellion was triggered by the need for revenue to finance the campaign against Scotland.

embargo on trade with the Netherlands in 1493

The __ was a major issue, leading to retaliation and negotiations over the Intercurusus Magnus treaty.

John Cabot

__ arrived in Bristol in 1594 or 1595 and received authorisation from Henry VII to search for new land.

John Cabot

He was a native of Genoa and had been a merchant in the Venetian spice trade before moving to Spain where he was needed as a harbour designer.

Catholics

All English people were __ , under the jurisdiction of the Pope in Rome.

dead

Chantries were chapels where Mass for the souls of the __ took place.

translation

Lollardy was a heretical movement that emerged in England in the 14th century, favouring the __ of the Bible into English.

Florence

The Renaissance originated in __ in the 14th century and was founded on the discovery of Latin and Greek texts.

Desderius Erasmus

__ was a Dutch scholar who sought to regenerate Christianity through emphasis on education and rejection of some of the Church’s traditional ceremonies.

humanist

By the time Henry VII died in 1509, __ influences from Italy had become fashionable.

Thomas Wolsey

__ acquired both Church and secular offices, but was eventually brought down by his enemies due to his failure to secure the annulment of Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Thomas Wolsey

__ became the royal almoner (distributing money as charity on behalf of the king) when Henry VIII came to the throne and was noticed for his organisational abilities.

abolished

The Council Learned in the Law was __ in January 1510, distancing Henry VIII from his father’s regime and ensuring his own popularity among the nobility and propertied classes.

The nobility

__ had little direct political influence and weren’t often present at court under Henry VII.

nobility

The sons of the __ became involved in the king’s sporting and military pursuits with the accession of Henry VIII.

foreign policy

Henry sought to overthrow his father’s __ legacy by pursuing military glory.

Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, and Second Duke of Norfolk

__ came from a distinguished Yorkist family and fought for Richard III at Bosworth, for which he was imprisoned and attained for treason.

Catherine of Aragon

Henry VIII married __ , the widow of his brother Arthur.

Wolsey

__ rarely called Parliament, so in the second half of his reign, it was called more frequently, under Thomas Cromwell.

1514

The conciliar approach to government had been adopted at the start of the reign and lasted until __ .

outside

The Privy Chamber was an area of government __ of Wolsey’s immediate control before 1519.

Court of Star Chamber

This was Wolsey’s most significant legal contribution which became the centre of both politics and justice under him, the __ .

local commissioners / Tudor Subsidy

Wolsey made a change in the way that subsidies were collected by setting up a national committee that he headed himself instead of , the .

‘Amicable Grant

Wolsey attempted to raise the __ of 1525’, leading to widespread resistance, almost amounting to a rebellion.

Eltham Ordinances

These were introduced in 1526 by Wolsey to reform the Privy Council’s finances, the __ .

healthy male heir

Henry was dissatisfied with his marriage to Catherine due to her age and the increasing unlikeliness of her producing a __ .

Thomas Cromwell

__ emerged after the fall of Wolsey and became the king’s chief minister by 1532.

himself

Thomas Cromwell suggested that Henry place __ as head of an English Church.

humanist

Cromwell exploited the weaknesses in the church including the Catholic Church already been weakened by the __ movement.

statute law

Cromwell exploited the weaknesses in the church including the Church having less legal authority than __ .

annulment

Anne Boleyn forced the __ issue by agreeing to have sexual relations with Henty, hoping to become pregnant and force some action

secret

Anne and Henry married in a __ ceremony in January 1533, but their marriage was invalid according to the Catholic Church.

Protestantism

Anne Boleyn initially supported the Church reform and pushed the king towards __

marital

By 1540, Cromwell’s influence was declining, and his failure to manage the king’s __ affairs led to his downfall.

conciliar

The conservative revival of 1539 to 1540 resulted in the restoration of a form of __ government, but with a different form of government emerging after the fall of Cromwell.

Norfolk

__ arranged a marriage between his niece Catherine Howard and Henry VIII, afterwhich she had an affair with her cousin Thomas Culpepper and was executed for treason in 1542.

Katherine Parr

Henry VIII married his sixth wife, __ , who was protestant.

Foreign Policy

The __ in 1509 - 14 led to Henry discover ing that he was being used by his father-in-law, and the Holy Roman Emperor.

‘Battle of the Spurs’

In 1513, Henry himself led a force to northeastern France and won the __ and captured Thérouanne and Tournai.

meeting

The Field of the Cloth of Gold refers to a __ between Henry and Francis I in 1520, which achieved little in terms of foreign policy

Treaty of Amiens

Henry and Wolsey made an anti-Imperial alliance with France at the __ in 1527.

Ireland

At the beginning of Henry’s reign, __ was largely under English rule.

papacy’

The Peace of Cambrai in 1529 reinforced the __ political dependence on the new Emperor and made Cathereine of Aragon’s nephew and the emperor, a dominant figure in an international political context.

re-legitimised

The 1543 Succession Act __ Mary and Elizabeth.

feudal system

Henry witnessed a period where remnants of the __ still remained but there was a growth of the bourgeoisie and professionals.

Suffolk

Much of the property in Lincolnshire was given to __ after a rebellion in 1536 there so he could exert authority in person.

Buckingham

Only one duke, __ , enjoyed no royal favour who Henry VIII also promoted the non-ducal titles, Norfolk and Suffolk, who supported Henry militarily and as courtiers.

office, profession, or business

Gentility was often acquired through ___ , __ , or __ .

commoners

With rising inflation, Government were always fearful of __ , as they were susceptible to outbreaks of disorder.

Wales

Prior to 1536, __ was a separate territory from England, under English control, even though it was being ruled by a Welsh dynasty.

shire counties

Wales was divided into __ , which operated similarly to English shires due to the Laws in Wales Act 1536.

palatinates.

The English counties of Durham, Cheshire, and Lancashire were technically __ – in separate jurisdiction than the rest of the country.

Council of Wales and the Marches

The land governed by the Principality of Wales and the four bordering English counties – Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, and Gloucestershire - came under jurisdiction of the __ based in Ludlow, Shropshire.