Human Rights Mechanisms Overview

These flashcards cover key concepts related to human rights mechanisms, including the International Criminal Court (ICC), International Court of Justice (ICJ), and United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), focusing on their roles, challenges, successes, and failings.

What does the ICC stand for and what is its primary purpose?

The International Criminal Court prosecutes individuals for serious crimes such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

When was the ICC established and by what document?

It was established in 2002 by the Rome Statute.

What does the ICC stand for and what is its primary purpose?

The International Criminal Court prosecutes individuals for serious crimes such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

When was the ICC established and by what document?

It was established in 2002 by the Rome Statute.

Where is the ICC headquartered?

It is headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands.

What are the four main types of crimes the ICC prosecutes?

It prosecutes genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression.

What major challenge does the ICC face regarding enforcement?

It does not have its own enforcement force and relies on member states to arrest suspects.

Why might powerful countries like the USA and China opt out of the Rome Statute?

They may seek to avoid the ICC's jurisdiction and potential accountability for international crimes.

What was a significant success case for the ICC?

The conviction of Bosco Ntaganda in 2019 for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

What failure illustrates the ICC's lack of enforcement power?

The ongoing ability of Omar al-Bashir to remain in power in Sudan despite an ICC arrest warrant since 2009.

What is the role of the ICJ?

It resolves legal disputes between states and provides advisory opinions on legal questions.

How does the ICJ's jurisdiction limit state sovereignty?

States may be forced to change policies if they violate international law as determined by ICJ rulings.

What is a recent case involving the ICJ as of 2024?

South Africa accused Israel of violating the Genocide Convention in Gaza.

What is the primary function of the UNHCR?

It works to ensure that refugees have the right to seek asylum and find refuge from violence, war, and persecution.

How many countries does the UNHCR operate in?

136 countries.

What significant challenge does the UNHCR face regarding funding?

It relies on voluntary contributions, which can restrict its ability to provide adequate assistance.

What is a notable issue faced by the UNHCR in providing shelter to refugees?

Many refugees remain in camps for long periods, up to 10 years, before finding permanent settlement.

What criticism has the UNHRC faced regarding its membership and focus?

It has been criticized for allowing countries with poor human rights records to be elected to the council and for perceived political bias.

What recent conflict has drawn condemnation from the UNHRC?

It condemned Russia's actions regarding human rights violations during the Ukraine war.