APUSH Period 5 (New)

Manifest Destiny

The God given right to expand westward and claim the conuntry from sea to sea

Why was westward expansion needed?

Acquire mineral wealth and economic/homesteading opportunities, and religious persecution

Preemption Acts of 1841

granted people to settle on public lands and buy them at a minimum price before they were offered for sale to others, often to encourage westward expansion

1820s

Americans had been settling Mexico since the 1820s. By the 1830s, there were 3x the amount of Americans than Mexicans in the territory and they were all protestant and slave owning

1829 Terms

Mexico made two requirements to live in texas

• Slavery was outlawed

• Immigrants must convert to Roman Catholicism

Sam Houston

Started a revolt and declared Texas to be an independent Republic. The Mexicans sent troops to the north to put the rebellion down and won a victory at the Alamo

Battle of San Jacinto

A battle led by Sam Houston that resulted in a decisive victory for Texan forces and secured Texas independence from Mexico during the Texas Revolution in 1836.

Tensions with Mexico and Texans

Texans claimed independence, but Mexico didn’t observe its independence

Oregon Treaty

This established a boundary between the United States and British North America west of the Rocky Mountains

Causes of the Mexican American War

1. Border dispute; Americans believed the border was the Rio Grandewhile Mexico claimed it was the Nueces River.

2. Texas annexation in 1845

3. The desire for westward expansion, the influence of Manifest Destiny, and economic interests in California and New Mexico also contributed to the conflict

The Mexican-American War

Fought from 1846 to 1848, conflict stemming from the annexation of Texas and disputes over territorial boundaries that ultimately led to significant territorial gains for the United States.

Treaty of Guadelope Hidalgo 1848

Formally established the Rio Grande as the border, Mexican cession of Cali, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming

Gadsden Purchase 1853

An agreement where the United States bought 29,670 square miles of land from Mexico, primarily for the purposes of facilitating a railroad

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed that any land gained from the Mexican American War would be free from slavery

Free Soil

Opposed slavery in the new territory because they wanted to acquire additional land for homesteaders

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay suggested that Mexican cession would be divdied and Utah and New Mexico territories would practice popular sovereignty

Cali became a free state

Slave trade was banned in DC

Stricter fugitive slave laws

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Stephen Douglas that the Northern territory of the Louisiana Purchase be split into Kansas and Nebraska and popular sovereignty would be used to determine if the states were free or not

effectively ended the Missouri Compromise

“Bleeding Kansas”

The period of intense violence and political turmoil in the Kansas Territory from 1854 to 1861 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces over the issue of slavery in the new territories

Dred Scott v Sanford 1857

Dred Scott was a slave who lived in Missouri and taken to Illinois and Wisconsin where slavery was made illegal

Dred Scott sued his master for freedom, arguing that living in a free state made him a free man

The Court ruled that since Dred Scott was not a citizen, he didn’t have the right to sue in court and since slaves were seen as property, Congress did not have the right to deprive citizens of their property

South Carolina secession 1860

South Carolina’s decision to secede due to concerns over the election of Abraham Lincoln, who southerners believed would lead to the end of their way of their live, which was heavily reliant on slavery

They also feared that a Republican administration would attempt to undermine slavery

Draft Riots 1836

Violent disturbances that occured in July 1863 in response to the implementation of the first federal draft in US history (working class could not afford it)

Fort Sumter

The site of the first military engagement of the Civil War

Battle of Bull Run 1861

The first major battle of the Civil War, fought in Virginia, that resulted in a Confederate victory and shattered the initial hopes of a quick Union victory.

Anaconda plan

A military strategy proposed by Winfield Scott that involved a naval blockade of Confederate ports, which strangled the South forces

Emacipation Proclamation

1. Declared that all enslaved people in the rebellious states would be free

2. Lincoln changed the perspective of the war from being about preserving the Union to abolishing slavery

Battle of Vicksburg 1863

A significant battle in which Union forces captured the Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River, effectively splitting the Confederacy

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Union military campaign that sought to disrupt the Confederacy’s war-making capacity by destroying its infrastructure

Scorched-earth policy

A military strategy involving the destruction of all resources that could be used by the enemy, often including crops, infrastructure, and supplies

Gettysburg Address

This speech honored the soldiers who fought in the Battle of Gettysburg and Lincoln framed the war as a struggle for the principles of liberty and equality, emphasizing the importance of national unity.

What did Lincoln believe about the Confederacy’s treatment

Lincoln' believed that the South never left the Union because it was illegal to do so. He believed that treating the South harshly would only renew the same tension that led to secession in the first place

Ten Percent Plan

Proposed to restore state governments in the SOuth once 10% of the 1860 voter base pleged loyalty to the union and southern state legislature had to abolish slavery by accepting the 13th amendment

Black codes

laws enacted in Southern states following the civil war that restricted the rights of African Americans and aimed to maintain white supremacy by enforcing labor contracts and limiting movement

Freedman’s Bureau 1865

aimed to transition African Americans from slavery to freedom by providing assistance such as education, healthcare, and employment opportunities

Civil Rights Act of 1866

This guaranteed citizenship to all persons born in the United States, except Natives, and granted them equal rights to make and enforce contracts, purchase and own property

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

A series of laws passed that outlined the terms for readmission former Confederate states

the South was divided into 5 military districts and the States had to ratify the 14th amendment and create new state constitutions guaranteeing black male suffrage.

Tenure of Office Act 1867

This was aimed to limit the president’s power to remove officials without the Senate’s approval

National Woman’s Suffrage Association

A prominent suffrage organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony. Members of these members were angry over the 15th amendment (granted black men the right to vote) because it didn’t recognize women

American Woman’s Suffrage Association

Members like Lucy Stone were disappointed that women didn’t have voting rights, but they argued that it was still important to support reconstruction on a federal level while supporting women’s rights on a state level

Sharecropping

Land owners provided seeds and farm supplies to work in exchange for a share of the harvest This system often kept sharecroppers in debt and dependent on landowners.

Compromise of 1877

Election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden was very close and disputed

Democrats agreed to let Hayes become president

Republicans agreed to remove federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction

This is important because it gave Hayes the presidency, but it also meant that the South could go back to treating Black people unfairly, leading to segregation and discrimination