AP Bio Chemistry of Life

Unit 1

Covalent bonds

Atoms share valence electrons

Bond where electrons are shared equally

Nonpolar

0 pH

Most acidic

14 pH

Most alkaline

Heat of vaporization

Absorb heat before evaporation

Evaporative cooling

Used to regulate body temperature.

Solute

Substance being dissolved

Solvent

Doing the dissolving

Moles (mol)

Measure concentration of a molecule within a solution of water

Molarity

Number of moles in a solute per liter of solution

Organic compound

Any compound containing carbon

Hydrocarbons

Organic compounds w/ only hydrogen + carbon

Polymer

Consist of smaller subunits called monomers

Catabolic reaction

Break down COMPLEX molc into simpler ones

Anabolic reaction

BUILD complex molc using simpler ones

Anabolism

Energy to make new bonds (endergonic)

Catabolism

Release energy when bonds break (endergonic)

Enzymes

Proteins speeding up reactions by lowering required activation energy

Dehydration Synthesis

LOSE water to combine

Hydrolysis

Two monomers broken apart by ADDING water

Carbohydrates are composed of

Monosaccharides (one sugar)

Ratio for carbs

1:2:1

Carb functions

Energy extraction, short term energy storage,

Glucose

Monosaccharide for energy storage

Fructose

Monosaccharide in fruit

Sucrose

Disaccharide from glucose + fructose

Lactose

Disaccharide from glucose + galactose

Glycogen

Polysaccharide for energy storage in animals, fungi, bacteria

Starch

Polysaccharide for energy storage in plants

Cellulose

Polysaccharide for plant structure

Chitin

Polysaccharide for anthropoid + fungi structure

Lipids

Hydrophobic, mostly non polar, facts + waxes, phospholipids, steroids

Fats are made of

Triglyceride

Lipid functions

Long-term energy storage

Saturated fatty acids

Solid at room temp like butter

Unsaturated fatty acids

Liquid at room temp like fish oil

Which fatty acid bends?

Unsaturated due to double bonds

Phospholipid

2 fatty acids connected to glycerol with an added phosphate group

What does it mean for a phospholipid to be amphipathic?

Polar and nonpolar

Is phospholipid head polar or nonpolar

Polar

Steroid structure

4-ringed carbon skeleton

Steroid function

Signaling molecules

Protein functions

Speeding up reactions, defense w/ antibodies, storage of amino acid + minerals, transport of substances like hemoglobin, hormones to signal actions, receptors to respond to stimuli, movement, structure/support

Amini acids are…

Monomers of protein

How are amino acids bonded?

Through dehydration synthesis by peptide bonds

Polymers of amino acids

Polypeptides

Three things that comprise of an amino acid structure

Central carbon in the middle, amino group, carboxyl group

Protein structure Primary

Making up polypeptide chain

Protein structure Secondary

The chain starts to fold and coil to form hydrogen bonds

Protein structure Tertiary

Polypeptide becomes functional protein