plant science exam 3

sexual reproduction major parts

pollination, fertilization, and fruit production

pollination

transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma

cross-pollination

transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma between 2 different plants

self pollination

transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma within the same flower or plant

autogamy

within the same flower

geitonagamy

within same monoecious plant of plant with perfect flowers

which type of pollination can occur automatically or through pollinators

self

biotic pollination

achieved by insects and animals

flowers attract pollinators by

bright petals, nectar, fragrance

in biotic pollination which is taller? the stamens or carpels

stamens

bee pollinated flowers

yellow, blue, and purple

bird pollinated flowers

red

nocturnal animals/insects

white or light colored, UV patterns

abiotic pollination

achieved by wind, gravity, and water

flowers often are small and lacking petals and they produce large amounts of dry, lightweight smooth pollen

abiotic pollination

wind pollinated crops

corn, trees, grasses

animal pollinated crops

blueberry, melon, pumpkin, strawberry

types of abiotic polliation

wind and animal pollinated crops

types of biotic pollination

bee and bird pollinated flowers and nocturnal animals/insects

perfect flowers

self-pollinated, reduces genetic variation over generations

inbreeding depression

accumulated of negative traits

all plants with perfect flowers self-pollinate. true or false

false

fertilization

process in which the male and female gametes fuse together to produce a zygote

2 parts of fertilization

1. sperm (pollen) 2. egg (ovule)

steps of fertilization

pollination, pollen germination, pollen tube growth into ovule, double fertilization, division of fertilized egg

3 types of pollination

abiotic, biotic, and self

pollen germination

germinates on a “compatible stigma”, generally within species

pollen grains nuclei

vegetative cell nucleus and generative nucleus

vegetative cell nucleus produces

pollen tube

generative nucleus produces

2 sperm

pollen tube growth into ovule

pollen tube grows down style toward ovary, grows into micropyle of an ovule

double fertilization

characteristic of angiosperm reproduction

what does sperm 1 in double fertilization do

utilize with egg cell to form embryo

what does sperm 2 in double fertilization do

utilize with polar nuclei to form endosperm

division of fertilized egg

floral changes: sepal, petal, and stamen drop

fruit

structure that develops from the ripened ovary wall of an angiosperm flower

3 part of the pericarp

exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp

pericarp

fruit wall that develops from ovary wall

exocarp

outer layer of the pericarp

mesocarp

middle layer of pericarp

endocarp

inner layer of pericarp

accessory fruit

fruit in which part of the fruit develops from something other than the ovary wall

vegtable

an edible structure of a plant other than the ripened ovary (stems, roots, leaves)