Diagnostic Imaging Exam 2

Compression improves image quality in mammo, describe three different ways it does so

- decreases thickness of breast tissue
- bring structure closest to IR
- increase radiographic contrast
- made of plastic which allows transmission of low energy x-rays

The port of the x-ray tube in mammography is composed of

beryllium

The advantage to using low kVp in mammography is its ability to produce

a very low-energy x-ray beam, a soft x-ray beam, and high radiographic contrast

Focal spot size in a mammography tube can range from

0.1 to 0.3 mm

In mammography, the kVp commonly used in clinical practice varies between _____ to ____ kVp

25-28

The prominent heel effect in mammography is due to the…

-short OID

-large focal spot

-long SID

-anode angle

anode angle

Dedicated mammography machines use _________ generators

high-frequency

The type of generators used in dedicated mammo machines allow very precise control of

-time

-kVp

-mA

-all of the above

all of the above

Mammography x-ray tubes…

are tilted to place the central ray at the chest wall

The purpose of breast compression is to…

increase contrast, bring tissue closer to the IR, and decrease thickness

The majority of mammo machines utilize a _______ inch SID

24 to 30

Dedicated mammo machines use _______ generators.

single-phase, high-frequency

Magnification projections of the breast provide

a reduction in scatter radiation, increased resolution, and improved visibility of detail

The use of a grid in mammography…

reduces scatter reaching the film, improves radiographic quality, and increases patient exposure

The prominent heel effect in mammo is due to a….

-long OID

-short OID

-long SID

-short SID

short SID

Digital breast tomosynthesis is commonly referred to as

3-D mammography

One of the principal advantages of digital mammo is

the capacity to manipulate the image’s contrast and brightness

The advantage of using molybdenum for the anode material in mammo tubes is

the production of an emission spectrum matching the low-subject contrast of the breast

Which organization offers a voluntary accreditation program for mammo?

American College of Radiology

What is an example of an uncontrollable risk factor in developing osteoporosis?

family history

In healthy adults, peak bone mass occurs

in their twenties to mid-thirties

All of the following are true of the bone remodeling process EXCEPT

-it is a balanced activity between the action of osteocytes and chondrocytes

-it is influenced by hormones

-osteoclast activity in excess can result in a loss of bone mass

-osteoblast activity equals osteoclast activity in a healthy individual

it is a balanced activity between the action of osteocytes and chondrocytes

What is an example of a controllable risk factor for developing osteoporosis?

Low body weight

A kyphoplasty involves

inflating body of spine with a balloon and filling with cement

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

is the current standard of care for osteoporosis detection

Primary type II osteoporosis…

is age related

DXA scanning

measures sites that are prone to fracture

The radiation dose during DXA studies

permits easy compliance with ALARA principles

The resorption of bone is carried out by the action of

osteoclasts

In mammo, reducing magnification =

increasing resolution

In mammo, reducing tissue size =

reduces scatter radiation

Reducing motion=

immobilization

Reducing exposure=

decreased thickness requires less exposure time

Improved visualization =

structures are spread out over larger areas with less superimposition

Breast compression ________ magnification

reduces

The goal of a diagnostic mammo is to

screen the entire breast

The anode in mammo is usually composed of which element

molybdenum

the report system used for diagnostic and staging in mammo is known as

the BI-RAD system

optimizes mammo services nationwide

MQSA

digital tomosynthesis

expected to be the mammo gold standard

recommended for dense breast tissues

rhodium

when performing mammo on a patient with breast implants

manual techniques should be used

a significant loss of bone mass and bone density results in the condition of

osteoporosis

Fractures of the ______ have the highest degree of morbidity and mortality.

hip

bone mineral content divided by the width of the total area scanned determines the

T-score

DXA scanning relies on the assessment of BMD for an individual and compares this value to

persons with peak bone mass in their thirties

the amount if change in bone density required to be statistically confident that a real change has occurred is known as the

LSC

a modern DXA scanning system consists of all of the following

- x-ray tube
- workstation
- positioning aids

the most commonly measured anatomical structures in DXA scanning are the

hip and spine

the purpose of using a small focal spot size in mammo is to

decrease pneumbra

breast tissue is primarily made up of

fatty tissue

mammo is unique in that

it is the only radiographic exam fully regulated by the federal government

advantage of bone dosimetry

images produced are high-resolution quality so the results are precise

proper patient positioning for DXA scans of the hip includes

internal rotation of the feet

80% of the human skeletal mass is made up of

cortical bone

Guidelines for mammography suggest a patient begin yearly screening mammograms at what age?

40

A disadvantage in using low kVp in mammography is

increase in patient dose

Breast tissue is considered to have

low subject contrast

The formation of bone is carried out by the action of

osteoblasts

All of the following would be reason for additional views EXCEPT:

-patient requests

-radiologists requests

-suspicious areas

-patient build

patient requests