Dark Reactions

Light reactions recap

Occur in thylakoids and use sunlight energy ti produce ATP and NADPH

Dark Reactions recap

Preformed by calvin cycle in the stroma of chloroplasts

Where are dark reactions preformed

Stroma

Calvin cycle purpose

Use the carbon from CO2 to create glucose

3 major steps in the calvin cycle

Carbon Fixation

Reduction

Regeneration

Step 1 in the calvin cycle

Rubisco combines with 3 CO2 with the 3 five carbon RuBP and produces 6 three carbon molecules with one phosphate

Step 2 in the calvin cycle

Energy from 6 ATP and electrons from 6 NADPH produce 6 G3P molecules

Step 3 in the calvin cycle

one G3P leaves, 5 contuine in the cycle

Step 4 in the calvin cycle

Energy from 3 ATP rerange the 5 G3P molecules into 3 RuBP mlecules (a 5 carbon molecules)

15 carbons stays consistent

How is glucose made from G3P

2 G3P and phosphates are removed

2 gluecose purposes

Energy

Structure

how is gluecose used for energy in plants

Can be stored as starch and used in cellular respiration

how is glucose use as structure in plants

can be used to build plant cell well (cellulose)

Whats happens when the Stomata of a plant closes

Build up of oxygen

What can enter and leave stomata

Co2 can enter

Oxygen can leave

Water can also leave

What do plants do in order to live in hot and dry climates

close thier stomata to prevent water loss

3 diffrent plant adaptations

C3

C4

CAM

How does photorespiration happen and why is it bad

Happens when rubisco binds to oxygen instead of Co2

• Co2 is created as final product

• Uses a lot of energy

C3 plants

preform standard photosytnehsis

• Co2 is taken from atmosphere and is directly incoperated into calvin cycle

C3 plants examples

Soybean and Rice

C4

Dividies the jobs of taking CO2 and the calvin cycle into diffrent cell types

Two types of cells used in c4 plants

Mesophyll and bundle sheath cell

Job of Mesophyll in C4

Stores Co2 in a 4-carbon molecule which allows for build up (hence the name of C4)

Job of Bundle Sheath cell in C4

Where Calvin cycle in preformed

C4 example

Corn

CAM plants

Stomata only opens at night, allows for build up CO2 to use during the day

When does CAM plants preform the Calvin Cycle

Only during the day when the stomata are closed, they use the CO2 that was stored during the night

CAM plants example

Pineapple

Sugar purposes made from photosynthesis

Sugars produced from photosynthesis feed the plant but also used a precuroser to make other organic molecules (like fossil fuels)

Greenhouse effect

Burning fossil fuels releases carbon as CO2 which builds up in the earth atmosphere and increases Earth temperature

Greenhouse effect and ocean PH

Excess carbon leads to a lower ocean PH

CO2 becomes carbonic acid in water