unit 4 AP African American Studies - Unit 4 Flashcards

Flashcards on African American Studies Unit 4: Movements and Debates 1930 to Present

What is the 'nadir of race relations'?

Historian Rayford Logan coined this phrase to describe the period after Reconstruction when the status of Black Americans reached its lowest point.

How did the Great Depression affect the Great Migration?

Despite facing worse economic conditions in the North, Black Americans steadily migrated out of the South during the Great Depression.

How did the New Deal impact Black Americans?

Although intended to help all Americans, the New Deal was administered locally, often reinforcing Jim Crow laws and limiting benefits for Black Americans, while white Americans were able to build intergenerational wealth.

What was the Black political realignment during the Great Depression?

Despite the inequities of the New Deal, most Black Americans shifted their political allegiance from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party.

How did Eleanor Roosevelt contribute to the shift of Black voters to the Democratic Party?

First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt showed outspoken support for civil rights and was publicly friends with Black women leaders.

What is Négritude?

A political, cultural, and literary movement started by French-speaking Caribbean and African writers protesting colonialism and assimilation of Black people into European culture.

What is Negrismo?

A movement embraced by Black and mixed-race Latin Americans that celebrated African contributions in Latin American music, folklore, literature, and art.

How did proponents of Négritude and Negrismo critique colonialism?

Artists and intellectuals rejected the idea that European colonialism civilized colonized subjects, arguing that racial ideologies underpinned colonial exploitation and coerced labor.

Which African state did the British fight four wars to colonize?

The British fought four wars to defeat the Ashanti and gain control of modern Ghana.

What was the Black Freedom movement in the twentieth century?

A period of transnational activism when Black people across different nations saw themselves as one distinct group committed to unity to fight anti-Black racism and colonization.

What is Pan-Africanism?

Goal: The unity of Africans and the elimination of colonialism and white supremacy from the continent.

What does Black consciousness mean?

A Black person fully realizes their Black identity and focuses on what that means in a world shaped by racism.

What is diasporic solidarity?

Occurs when African American writers, leaders, and activists visited Africa to express solidarity and support for Africa’s decolonization.

Which country became the first modern and independent African state in 1957?

In 1957, modern Ghana become the first modern and independent African state to emerge from European colonization

What was the state of the U.S. military at the start of WWII?

The United States Armed Forces remained segregated at the outset of the Second World War.

What were the goals of the 'Double Victory' Campaign?

Sought a victory against fascism abroad and against Jim Crow segregation at home.

What did Executive Order 8802 do?

Banned discrimination in defense industries and government jobs.

What were the benefits of the G.I. Bill?

Provided funds for college tuition, low-cost home mortgages, and low-interest business startup loans to American veterans returning from WWII.

Why did many Black veterans receive fewer or no benefits from the G.I. Bill?

Funds were administered locally by states and therefore subject to Jim Crow discriminatory practices, and as a result, they were often disproportionately disbursed to white veterans.

How did the Federal Housing Administration’s Underwriting Manual (1938) impact housing segregation?

Restrictions made it illegal for African Americans to live in many communities in the United States.

What is redlining?

The discriminatory practice of withholding mortgages to African Americans and other people of color within a defined geographical area under the pretense of “hazardous” financial risk posed by those communities.

What rights did the 14th and 15th amendments guarantee?

Guaranteed equality before the law and voting rights to Black Americans.

Why did the 20th century Civil Rights movement emerge?

The modern civil rights movement emerged from the need to eradicate segregation and ensure federal protection of the rights guaranteed by the Reconstruction Amendments and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

How did President Harry Truman contribute black civil rights?

President Harry Truman became the first leader since Reconstruction to prioritize Black civil rights who appointed a “President's Commission on Civil Rights,”.

What did the Supreme Court rule in Brown v. Board of Education?

Racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.

Who Was The Man Who Killed Jim Crow?

Charles Hamilton Houston

What did the “doll test” reveal?

The study demonstrated the impact of racial segregation on children’s self-esteem.

What happened to Harry and Harriet Moore?

The KKK put a bomb under their house on Christmas Day 1951. and Harry and Harriet Moore were the first NAACP activists to be killed in the long struggle for Civil Rights.

How did nonviolent resistance strategies mobilize the Civil Rights movement?

Nonviolent forms of civil disobedience—including marches, sit-ins, litigation, economic boycotts, and the use of mass media—were often met with violence, which sometimes precipitated a response of self-defense

What strategy did Martin Luther King Jr. popularize?

non-violent resistance

Where did four young college men start the turbulence that would come to define the decade of the 1960s

Staged a small sit-in at the racially segregated lunch counter at Woolworth’s Department store in Greensboro, North Carolina

What is SNCC?

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) was founded in 1960 when students organized and staged the Greensboro sit-ins. They primarily used nonviolent direct-action protest through grassroots organizing.

What did CORE do?

Organized sit-ins, voter registration drives, and the Freedom Rides of 1961.

What did the Kennedy administration sought to do?

Force an end to the Freedom Rides.

Why did the Albany Campaign fail?

The movement failed because the police chief was so careful not to allow any overt brutality.

What did The Birmingham Campaign of nonviolent resistance lead to?

Push the nation to care about injustice to Black Americans in the South for the first time since Reconstruction

How did Dr. King feel about the Children's Crusade and their saftey?

A controversial part of the events in Birmingham was the Children’s Crusade (Alabama, 1963) which strategically included children because they were not subject to penalties such as loss of homes or jobs

What did President Kennedy do when Dr. King’s arrest in April made international headlines?

President Kennedy made an address from the Oval Office about the need for a Civil Rights Act.

What did the 'March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom' highlight?

Highlights issues of economic inequality, unemployment, and racial discrimination.

What tragic event occurred during the Mississippi Freedom Summer (1964) project mostly organized by SNCC and other student groups

Two young white men from New York and a Black local young man were captured and killed by the KKK

Who was Fannie Lou Hamer?

Was a local hero, organizer, and a motherly figure to many Freedom Summer volunteers

What was the Nation of Islam (NOI)?

Was a mixture of core Islamic beliefs and practices (devotion to Allah, study of the Qur’an) with mythology and Black Nationalist ideology.

During the mid-1960s, what movement did some African Americans embrace?

Many embraced Black Power, a movement that promoted self-determination, defended violence as a viable strategy, and strove to transform Black consciousness by emphasizing cultural pride.

How did Malcolm X change his last name?

Malcolm Little converted to the Nation of Islam while in prison and saw his last name as a “slave name” and chose the last name X to signify that the slave trade had stolen his true family history.

What was Malcolm X’s most famous speech called?

Called “The Ballot or the Bullet.” The speech uses themes directly from the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence: let people vote, defend people’s natural rights, or they have the duty to take up arms to guarantee the right for themselves.

After taking a spiritual journey to Saudi Arabia and rejecting the teachings of the American Nation of Islam what did Malcom X publicy do?

Publicly apologized to Dr. King for calling him an “Uncle Tom.

When was Malcolm X assassinated?

Assassinated on February 21, 1965.

What did the Black Power Movement lead to?

Led to the formation of the Black Panther Party.

What would of stopped the passing of Congress passing a Civil Rights Act and what happened to stop it

It likely would not have passed in 1964 had Kennedy not been assassinated

What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act do?

Banned discrimination based on race, sex, and national origin.

What was done in Selma?

Dr. King worked with SNCC organizers at Selma to stage a march from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital, Montgomery, to protest these injustices

How did The March to Selma end up doing?

Played a major, though indirect impact on the eventual creation of the Black Panther Party in California

Which Act was the crowning achievement of American democracy?

If American history can be simplified as a struggle against taxation without representation, then the 1965 Voting Rights Act, passed in August, was the crowning achievement of American democracy

Before the 1965 Voting Rights Act, what had never happened?

No democracy or republic in world history had ever guaranteed the right to vote to every member of its society—until this moment.

In what month was the 1965 Voting Rights Act passed?

Passed in August, the March to Selma ended up playing a major, though indirect impact on the eventual creation of the Black Panther Party in California.

What was the Watts Uprising (also known as the Watts Riots)?

The L.A. uprising that occurred when Black community members came out of their homes to investigate the situation of a Black man pulled over for drunk driving in Watts, Los Angeles

When was the largest

Civil unrest in American history had broken out after

What role did LBJ (Lyndon B. Johnson) play in Civil Rights?

Played a key role in passage of the Fair Housing Act (see 4.5). He also attempted to continue the civil rights movement with affirmative action legislation.

By 1966, during the Chicago Freedom Movement what did Dr. King expand his focus to?

Dr. King expanded his focus beyond Southern segregation to systemic racism in Northern cities, particularly housing discrimination and economic injustice

Who if Gloria Richardson pushes past a National Guardsman’s gun in Cambridge, Maryland, is?

Is just one example of the movement’s vast and complex history - one we didn’t cover in class

Who was Ella Baker?

Focused on grassroots organizing and inclusive, group-centered leadership over leader-centered groups in the Civil Rights movement. She encouraged young people to contribute to social justice efforts that fought both racism and sexism.

In the mid-1960s, what was the Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO) established to protest?

Who was Nicolás Guillén?

A prominent Negrismo Cuban poet of African descent, they examined the connections between anti-Black racism in the U.S. and Latin America.

In 1959, why did Charles Mingus get refused form including the lyrics to the song

In 1959, Columbia Records refused to allow him to include the lyrics to the song, and it remained instrumental.

How did the Black Freedom movement inspire Black artists?

During the Black Freedom movement of the twentieth century, Black artists contributed to the struggle for racial equality through various forms of expression

What was the Black Arts movement (BAM) (1965–1975)?

They espoused a monolithic vision of what Black art should be, though they were unified by the notion that Black art was distinct in its inspiration, characteristics, and purposes.

What did the Black Arts movement inspire?

Inspired the creation of Black magazines, publishing houses, art houses, scholarly journals, and some of the earliest African American Studies programs in universities.

Who formed the Black Panther Party?

Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton

What did The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense stand for?

The party’s Ten-Point Program called for freedom from oppression and imprisonment, access to housing, healthcare, education, and employment opportunities.

Where did the Black Panther party get the panther symbol from?

This was inspired by the Lowndes County Freedom Organization in Alabama which was founded by SNCC members, including Stokely Charmieal who coined the phrase “Black Power.

What kind of program did local Black Panther offices implement to help low-income communities?

Implement what they termed “survival programs” to provide help for low-income communities: the Free Breakfast for School Children Program, legal aid offices, and relief programs that offered free medical care and clothing..

Who was Fred Hampton?

Fred Hampton, the chairman of the Black Panther Party's Chicago chapter, was a dynamic leader who sought to unite poor Black and white communities under the banner of socialism.

Why did the Black is Beautiful movement and Afrocentricity emerge?

The Black is Beautiful movement and Afrocentricity emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, respectively as Black Power ideals spread

How did naming practices start?

Since slavery and beyond, African Americans have renamed themselves in response to changing sociopolitical contexts. These naming practices were acts of freedom. They are powerful assertions of self-identity, Black pride, and unity

Kwanzaa, created in 1966 by Dr. Maulana Karenga serves as what purpose to African Haritiage?

It offers an alternative to Christmas by emphasizing Black cultural pride and self-determination.

Which artist group was was founded by a group of artists and jazz musicians who were inspired by Marcus Garvey and Black nationalism and incorporated Afrocentric themes into their performances

AJASS (African Jazz-Art Society & Studios)

What is the criticism for Afrocentricity

It blurs distinctions across ethnicities within the African diaspora

In the 1970s, what did the Black feminist movement drew inspiration from

draw inspiration from these Black women activists and others who highlighted Black women’s unique experiences of racism and sexism.

What did the Boston-based, Black feminist and lesbian organization Combahee River Collective stand for?

Their Collective Statement (1977) argued that Black women’s liberation would free all members of society as it would require the destruction of all systems of oppression (e.g., racism, sexism, classism, homophobia).

Who Introduced term intersectionality?

Kimberlé Crenshaw

Interlocking Systems of Oppression

Interlocking systems of oppression refers to how race, gender, class, sexuality, and ability are interconnected. When they interact with social systems this can create unequal outcomes for individuals.

Writer like _ explored the lived experience of Black women and men and show how their race, gender, and social class can affect how they are perceived, their roles, and their economic opportunities.

Gwendolyn Brooks

What did Discrimination and racial disparities in housing and employment stemming from the early twentieth century result in ?

Limited Black communities’ accumulation of generational wealth in the second half of the twentieth century.

Black voting power and political representation expanded in the late twentieth century as a result of Voting Rights Act, what was the growth in Black elected officials from 1970 to 2006

A sixfold increase in black elected officails

Who was Shirley Chisholm?

Became the first Black woman elected to Congress in 1968.

What historical precedent was set by Barak Obama and Kamala Harris

They are the first Black Americans to hold these positions in U.S. history

What does the unifying term Black indicate?

Indicates a community’s shared African heritage and shared experiences.

How has the Black church been important to African American Culture

Served as an institutional home for developing and debating core values within Black communities related to education, community improvement, race relations, cultural practices, vernacular, and the broader African diaspora.

In what ways does African American music blend musical and performative traditions from Africa?

These elements include improvisation, call and response, syncopation, storytelling, and the fusion of music with dance.

How does African American music mirror the trials and tribulations of the journey in America?

Reflects lived experiences of joy, hope, creativity, and social critique in midst of ongoing racism and oppression

How did Hip-hop culture influence music in the 1970s and beyond?

Emergence from the wake of the Black Freedom movements and Black Arts movement of the 1960s and 1970s. It blended elements such as Black Panthers’ and Afrocentric fashion, Black nationalism, jazz, and poetry to articulate uniquely African American experiences and identities.

Who paved the way for future Black directors and producers in TV and film by producing nearly 50 films between the 1920s and 1940s

Oscar Micheaux

Describe Soul Train a popular African American dance program

Modeled on American Bandstand, the show was created by Don Cornelius in 1971

During the Civil War Baseball league what baseball association would found?

African American athletes created their own athletic leagues, due to racial segregation in sports. Immediately after the Civil War, who would found baseball associations

What prompted Colin Kaepernick and other NFL players to protest in 2016?

Began kneeling during the playing of the national anthem to against the prevalence of police brutality

Which of the following did African Americans make significant contributions to

Agricultural, technology, medicine, science, engineering

Who develop methods for preventing soil depletion

George Washington Carver

What civil rights legislative achievements did the the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) build upon?

The ADA(Americans with Disabilities Act) built upon the civil rights legislative achievements outlawing Jim Crow by prohibiting discrimination for those with disabilities in areas including housing, employment, and government programs.

Describe Afrofuturism:

This envisions Black lives in futuristic environments

Which movies are examples of Afrofuturism?

Black Panther