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Industrialization
the process of developing machine production of goods
Industrial Revolution
A change that began in Britain in the 18th to 19th centuries where more innovations in machinery were made along with more incorporation of factories
Factories
buildings with the intent of mass producing a certain product or number of products with the use of machines and engines
Factors of Production
land, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services
Capital
wealth in the form of property or money owned by a business or individual
Second Industrial Revolution
steep growth in industry and the production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and the machinery to produce other goods
Consumer Markets
consists of costumers who buy commodities for personal use
Stock Market
A general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying and selling of stock shares issued by a company.
Corporation
A company owned by investors who take in the profits but are not responsible for its debts.
Transnational Buisness
A group of individuals who partnered together to form a more profitable business. Were very popular to help transcontinental trips to the New World
Capitalism
an economic system based on private ownership of capital
Adam Smith
thinker who supported a economic system based on private enterprise and free trade
Socialism
an economic system based on state ownership of capital
Karl Marx
wrote the Communist Manifesto and supported a state run economic system
Marxism
the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded
Communism
a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership
Unions
an association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages
Labor Strikes
labor unions were groups of workers who wanted to obtain better working conditions, strikes were held in order to obtain such conditions.
Tokugawa Japan
a family that took over Japan; like a dynasty; reimposed centralized feudalism; closed Japan to foreigners; forbade Japanese people to travel overseas; lasted for about 200 years; a time of economic prosperity but also some political strife; internal rivalries between rulers (different shoguns jealous of others that had more power); some trade (merchants wealthier, but still lower class, which angered them)
Meiji Restoration/ Era
period of swift modernization and reform for Japan induced by Emperor Meiji. European ideals adopted and applied, bringing outstanding social, governmental, and economic reform as well as inducing the country's change from isolationist to imperialist.
Suffrage Movements
groups that protest for voting rights and equality.
Imperialism
a superpower extending its reach to less powerful areas usually in the forms of colonies or protectorates.
Berlin Conference
meeting in Berlin where many superpowers met to divide up the African continent.
Scramble for Africa
phrase used to describe the rush to take land in Africa
King Leopold II
king of Belgium who supported the colonization of Africa and took many means to do so
Economic Imperialism
a doctrine that states that a superpower uses a poorer region for its profit and resources.
Protectorate
a state or territory partly controlled by (but not a possession of) a stronger state but autonomous in internal affairs
Colonies
lands that are controlled by another nation
The Cherokee Nation
Adopted European ways because they believed they could keep their land if acted as white man. Had newspaper, charter. They were farmers and elite owned slaves. Developed an alphabet where 20% became literate (more than whites)
Zulu Kingdom
founded by Shaka in 1818, the british and the dutch settlers broke up the kingdom in the 20th century
Nationalsim
feeling partiotic pride and devotion
Nation-state
a state containing one homogeneous race
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
Enlightenment
a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
Voltaire
an Enlightenment thinker who criticized a absolute monarchy
Rousseau
French philosopher from 1712-1778 who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society
Locke
English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience
Hobbes
Englishmen who believed that men were in nature evil and needed some sort of control.
Revolution
the overthrow of a government by those who are governed
Declaration of Independence
the document that started the American Revolution formally
American Revolution
a rebellion in the British colonies of the northeast of north america which led to the formation of the United States
French Revolution
the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
Louis XVI
King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
guidelines demanded by the people rebelling in France at the beginning of the French Revolution
Reign of Terror
the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed
Robospierre
French politician who led the reign of terror with many executions and eventually he was executed himself.
Guillotine
instrument of execution that consists of a weighted blade between two vertical poles
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Latin American Independence Movements
states that were once under the rule of European counties became independent and led to a drastic loss of power for European powerhouses
Simon Bolivar
Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule
Haitian Revolution
Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.
Young Turks
reformists that led the Ottoman Empire to change and hoped to promote a secular government and to spread equality
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution
Maroon Societies
communities of runaway slaves, survival of african traditions such as house designs, community organizations and language in caribbean
Gandhi
a Indian , political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule
Indian Revolt of 1857
Revolt of Indian soldiers against British officers when they were required to use greased cartridges they suspected were being used to pollute them and cause them to convert to Christianity; the revolt spread across north India
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops
Taiping Rebellion
The most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus.
Abolitionist Movements
a movement to end the slave trade and set slaves free.
Feminism
the movement aimed at equal rights for women
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Vindication of Rights of Women
Book written by Wollstonecraft which explained that women should have equal rights with men in education, politics, and economics
Olympe de Gourge's Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen.
the rights of what women thought they should have like voting and stature in government.
Seneca Falls Conference of 1848
first conference of women for women's rights which was made up of women of the Quaker belief
Migration
moving to another area for a seasonal time or more permanent time
Ethnic Enclaves
areas or neighborhoods within cities that are homogeneous in their ethnic make-up, and are usually surrounded by different ethnic groups
Chinese Exclusion Acts
Act that banned the immigration of Chinese to work in the United States because they were willing to work low wages and were seen as taking American citizens' jobs
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