whap unit 3 and 4: absolute monarchs

time of period for age of absolutism

1550-2800

absolute monarchy

king/queen in complete control over a country

key components to absolutism

strong central government, strong military, mercantilism

how did absolute monarchs gain power and mass sums of wealth?

seizing new territories, expanding trade, taxing, mercantilism (nobility lost power)

charles v (spain)

ruled empire at greatest size, known for effective governance, constant warfare financed by wealth, divided holdings because empire too big

philip ii (spain)

create wealth and powerful military, expand borders and political influence, spread catholicism, make spain most powerful country in europe

henry iv (france)

protestant to catholic, issued edict of nantes (1598)

edict of nantes

grant religious freedom to french protestants (huguenots)

louis xiii (france)

appoint cardinal richelieu as chief minister (makes king power absolute because king want to centralize power), make europe most powerful nation (make army/economy stronger)

louis xiv (france)

sun king, claim divine right from god, took throne at 5, took full control of government at age 23 (1661), palace of versailles

ivan iv (russia)

cruel and volatile, crush power of boyars, want to establish absolute monarchy, expand territory a little, kill son in rage

peter i/ peter the great (russia)

westernization, st.petersburg (strengthen economy), create the largest standing army in europe, need a strong economy to fund reforms

catherine (russia)

westernization, sponsor education, reorganize government, expansion strengthened economy, transform russia into major power, persecution of peasants

james i (england)

believe in absolutism, clash with parliament over money/authority, dismiss parliament in 1610, religious conflict (king james bible, failed gunpowder plot of 1605)

charles i (england)

absolutist, 1628: forced to sign petition of right (required approval from parliament for any new taxes), dismiss parliament in 1629

mary i (england during tudor legacy)

want england to be catholic (costs the lives of protestants), ease religious tensions, defend from invasions, mend fences with parliament

who fought during the english civil war?

roundheads (parliament and the new model army) and cavaliers (supporters of the king)

end of civil war

roundheads won, king charles i executed, abolishment of monarchy, house of lords and office of the king

what type of government did they have after the english civil war?

republic, name: council of state, led by oliver cromwell

why were the commonwealth unpopular?

impose strict moral code, close theaters and taverns

charles ii

invited to england after fall of commonwealth, brought back position of monarch, house of lords and anglican church, outlawed laws associated with commonwealth and puritan

why did james ii (son of charles ii) leave england without a fight, even though he was king?

prevent war between catholic and protestant

glorious revolution

bloodless change of power, became limited monarchy after english bill of rights is signed

30 years war

germany decides whether their lands would be lutheran or catholic, habsburg (spain) vs protestant princes, france later enters the war, ends with the peace of westphalia

how did elizabeth i (england) not fit the mold for an absolute monarch?

her rule was constrained by english tradition of law and she relied on parliament for funding