Plant Morphology & Physiology

medium to large scale farms

for what types of farm is the 8R 310 John Deere tractor best used for?

deep tillage, planting, fertilizing, and hauling

what are some common uses of the 8R 310 John Deere tractor?

morphology

branch of biology that deals with the form of living organism, and relationships between their structures

physiology

branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of living things

cell

what is the simplest unit of a plant?

eukaryotic

what type of cell is the plant cell?

cell membrane, nucleus containing DNA, and the mitochondria

what makes up a plant cell?

central vacuoles

liquid filled sacs responsible for maintaining pressure of the cells contents against the cell wall

chloroplast

structure containing chlorophylls and carries out photosynthesis

cell wall

provides the rigidity and support to the cell

cellulose, hemicellulose, pectic, and lignin

what makes up the cell wall?

sunlight + 6H20 + 6CO2 —> 6o@ + C6H12O6

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

angiosperms

flowering plants

monocots and dicots

what are the two categories of angiosperms?

corn, pineapple, banana, lily, palms, and grasses

what are some examples of monocots?

pea, sunflower, magnolia, and ash

what are some examples of dicots?

monocots have one and dicots have two

how many cotyledons do monocots and dicots have?

monocots have parallel veins and dicots have netlike veins

how are veins different between monocots and dicots?

monocots are in multiples of 3 and dicots are in multiples of 4 or 5

how are flower parts found between monocots and dicots

scattered throughout the stem

how are vascular bundles arranged in the stems of monocots?

in a ring

how are vascular bundles arranged in the stems of dicots?

roots

the part of the plant that absorbs water and minerals, anchors the plant, and stores minerals

stems

the part of the plant responsible for transporting water and nutrients, supporting leaves, and helping to store materials

leaves

the part of the plant that carries on photosynthesis

flowers

reproductive structures of plants

root cap, root hairs, root apical meristem, xylem, and phloem

what are the root structures?

root cap

protects the root apical meristem; cells replaced constantly because loss of cells as root pushes through rough soil

root hairs

increases the surface area of the root; site of most water/nutrient absorption

root apical meristem

plant tissue that is capable of continuous cell division; produces new root cells

xylem

transports water and minerals up

phloem

transports products of photosynthesis down

node, internode, shoot apical meristem, axillary bud, xylem, and phloem

what are the stem structures?

node

point at which leaves or buds attach

internode

segment of stem between nodes

shoot apical meristem

produces cells for new stems and leaves

axillary bud

secondary meristem tissue, often located at nodes or at base of leaves, often dormant until shoot apical meristem is removed

blade, petiole, leaf veins, epidermis, mesophyll, cuticle, stomata, and guard cells

what are the leaf structures?

blade

flattened portion of the leaf

petiole

connect blade to stem

leaf veins

contain xylem and phloem

epidermis

outer layer of cells on the leaf

mesophyll

middle cells, carry out most of the photosynthesis for the plant

cuticle

waxy coating to prevent leaf from drying out

stomata

openings to allow gas exchange

guard cells

flank stomata and regular gas exchange and water loss

petals, receptacle, sepals, pistil, and stamen

what are the flower structures?

petals

provide color and attract vectors

receptacle

base which attaches the flower to the stem

sepal

protects the flower in bud

pistil

female reproductive structure

stigma, style, and ovary

what are the parts of the pistil?

stigma

sticky surface at the tip of the style to which pollen grains attach

style

part of the pistil that links the stigma to the ovary

ovary

contains ovules in which seed development occurs; develops into fruit after fertilization

stamen

male reproductive structure

filament and anthers

what are the parts of the stamen?

filament

slender, thread-like stalks that hold up anthers

anthers

at top of filament, divided into pollen sacs in which pollen grains are formed

dioecious plant

each plant has male OR female flowers

monoecious plant

each plant has BOTH male and female flowers

roots

sweet potato, beet, radish, carrot, turnip, parsnip

stems

white potato, sugar cane, asparagus

leaves

cabbage, kale, spinach, lettuce, tea leaves

petioles

celery, rhubarb

seeds

pea, navy bean, lima bean, nuts, coffee bean

fruits

string bean, apple, orange, peach, tomato, squash