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Great Famine
A severe food shortage in Europe caused by poor weather and harvests.
Caloric Intake
The amount of energy from food consumed by people.
Typhoid Fever
A deadly disease caused by contaminated food or water.
Vagabonds
Homeless, wandering people.
Scapegoat
Someone unfairly blamed for others' problems.
Usury
Charging high interest on loans, often considered sinful.
Bubonic Plague
A deadly bacterial disease spread by fleas and rats, causing swollen lumps (buboes) and high death rates.
Ring Around the Rosie
A nursery rhyme believed to reference the Black Death.
Mortality Rates
The percentage of deaths in a population.
Leeches
Blood-sucking animals used in medieval medicine to remove 'bad blood.'
Flagellants
Religious groups who whipped themselves as penance for sins.
Inflation
A rise in prices, reducing the value of money.
Asceticism
Extreme self-discipline or denial of pleasures for religious reasons.
Indulgences
Church pardons for sins in exchange for money or good deeds.
Aquitaine
A region in France disputed between England and France.
Nationalism
Pride and loyalty to one’s country.
Longbowmen
English archers who played a key role in battles.
Heresy
Beliefs against the teachings of the church.
Martyr
Someone who dies for their beliefs.
Babylonian Captivity
Period when popes lived in Avignon, not Rome.
Great Schism
A time when there were multiple popes, causing division in the church.
Conclave
A meeting of church leaders to elect a pope.
Scripture
Religious texts like the Bible.
Jacquerie
A French peasant revolt against high taxes and oppression.
Statute of Laborers
A law freezing wages and keeping peasants tied to land.
Tithe
A 10% tax to the church.
Guilds
Worker groups that controlled trades.
Capitalism
A system where businesses are privately owned for profit.
Red-light Districts
Areas designated for prostitution.
Rape
A capital crime, though often unequally punished based on class.
Fur-Collar Crime
Crimes committed by the rich, like extortion.
Robin Hood
A legendary hero who fought against aristocratic corruption.
Colonization
Settling new areas, often mixing different ethnic groups.
