NSTP MIDTERM REVIEWER

Heat emergencies or illnesses

are health crises caused by exposure to hot weather and sun.

Heat cramps

Painful involuntary muscle cramps that can occur during and after exercise.

Heat exhaustion

Occurs in conditions of extreme heat and excessive sweating without adequate fluid.

Heat Stroke

When the body becomes unable to control its temperature

Fainting

Partial or complete loss of consciousness resulting from a temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain

CHOKING

Occurs when breathing is stopped by a constricted throat or windpipe. In some cases, the air flow is completely blocked, where a small amount of air pass to the lungs and causes asphyxia

Heimlich Maneuver

This is the most widely known method for helping someone who is choking. For adults, stand behind the person, wrap your arms around their waist, make a fist with one hand, and place it just above their navel. Grasp your fist with the other hand and perform quick, inward and upward thrusts. This can help expel the object causing the choking.

Back Blows

For mild choking or when the Heimlich maneuver isn’t effective, do this. Stand or kneel behind the person, lean them slightly forward, and deliver five firm them between the shoulder blades with the heel of your hand. This can help dislodge the obstruction from the airway.

Chest Thrusts:

f the person is pregnant or obese and the Heimlich maneuver isn't effective, do this. stand behind the person, place your hands in the center of their chest, and perform quick, inward thrusts, similar to how you would perform abdominal thrusts.

Stroke

occurs when there is a disruption in the blood supply to the brain, leading to damage to brain tissue.

Ischemic Stroke

This is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 87% of all cases. It occurs when a blood clot or a fatty deposit (plaque) blocks or narrows an artery that supplies blood to the brain, causing a reduction in blood flow.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

happens when a blood vessel in or around the brain bursts, leading to bleeding inside the brain or surrounding areas.

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

occurs when there is a temporary disruption in the blood flow to the brain, often caused by a clot or narrowed artery. Unlike a full stroke, the blockage resolves itself, and symptoms disappear within minutes to hours.

Cryptogenic Stroke

is a type of ischemic stroke for which no clear cause can be identified, even after extensive testing. It’s essentially a stroke of unknown origin.

Brain Stem Stroke

occurs when the blood supply to the brainstem is interrupted. The brainstem controls essential functions such as breathing, heart rate, and speech.

Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call emergency services

The FAST in stroke

PRESERVE LIFE, PREVENT DETERIORATION, PROMOTE RECOVERY

AIMS OF FIRST AID

Respiratory arrest

is a type of breathing emergencies which occurs when breathing has stopped.

Cardiac Arrest

Is a condition occurs when the heart stops contracting and no blood circulates thru the blood vessels and vital organs are deprived of oxygen (CPR)

Deformities, Contusions, Abrasions, Punctures, Burns, Tenderness, Lacerations, Swelling

D C A P B T L S

36.7 ‘C (98’F) to 37.0’C (98.6’F)

The average body temperature of an adult is between

oral, rectal, axillary and tympanic

There are several body sites for measuring body temperature

PULSE

The term used to describe the rate , rhythm and volume of the heartbeat

60 to 100 bpm

Normal range of pulse

RESPIRATION

The terms inhalation and exhalation

Hyperventilation

is a condition where a person breathes very quickly and deeply. This can occur in response to anxiety, stress, panic attacks, or other factors.

Hypoventilation

is a condition where a person breathes too slowly or shallowly. leading to an insufficient exchange of oxygen.

Cyanosis

a bluish tint to the skin, especially around the lips or fingertips

15 to 20 breaths per minute

In terms of breathing, A normal adult takes between

SYSTOLIC DIASTOLIC

There are (2) pressure measures:

130/80

Normal rate of blood pressure :

PULSE OXIMETER

device that measures a client's arterial blood oxygen saturation (Sa02) by means of a sensor attached to the client's finger or toe

95%, 100%, 70%

In terms of oxygen saturation, Normal reading is _____ to _____ Below _____ is life threatening

WOUND

Any PHYSICAL INJURY involving a BREAK IN THE LAYERS of the skin or other body tissue

Closed Wound

Is a wound where the OUTER LAYER OF THE SKIN is INTACT, and the DAMAGE LIES BELOW the surface.

Open Wound

The outer skin is broken The break in the skin can be minor or severe

Arterial Bleeding

This type of bleeding occurs when an artery is damaged. It is characterized by bright red blood that spurts or pulses with each heartbeat. It is the most dangerous type of bleeding and requires immediate medical attention

Venous Bleeding

This occurs when a vein is cut or injured. The blood is usually dark red and flows steadily, rather than spurting. While it is serious, it’s typically less dangerous than arterial bleeding but still requires prompt care.

Capillary Bleeding

This is the most common and least severe type of bleeding, occurring when s*mall blood vessels (capillaries) are damaged. The blood is usually oozing and not as forceful as arterial or venous bleeding. It can often be controlled with simple first aid, like applying pressure to the wound.

Transverse

what kind of fracture is this

Stress

what kind of fracture is this

Oblique, Displaced

what kind of fracture is this

Greenstick

what kind of fracture is this

Comminuted

what kind of fracture is this

Pulse, Motor, Sensation

What is PMS in assessment

Rest, Immobilize, Cold Compress, Elevate

What is RICE in management

BODY TEMPERATURE, PULSE, RESPIRATION, BLOOD PRESSURE, OXYGEN SATURATION

VITAL SIGNS TECHNIQUES

Difficulty of breathing

DOB

fracture

is a partial or complete break in the bone.