MT107: Homeostasis & Organization of the body

What does “ana” and “tomy” mean in anatomy? ‘

1. “Ana” (ἀνά)

Meaning: up, through, or apart.

It gives the sense of opening something up or separating.

2. “Tomy” (from “tome” / “temnein”)

Meaning: to cut or cutting.

This is the same root in words like gastrectomy or lobotomy.

So anatomy literally means:

“cutting apart” — because early scientists learned the structure of the body by cutting it open and studying the parts.

Anatomy is the science of…..

Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among them.

How was anatomy first studied before?

Dissection. It is the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.

What does “physio” and “logy” mean in physiology?

Physio = nature or natural functions

Logy = study of

Physiology is the science of

Physioogy is the science of body functions - how the body works.

Why is anatomy and physiology are combined?

Anatomy = the map.

Physiology = how the map works.

1. Why do the bones of the skull join tightly to form a rigid case that protects the brain?

2. Why are the bones of the fingers more loosely joined to allow a variety of movements?

1. 
   They join tightly because the brain is extremely delicate and needs strong, stable protection. The rigid skull prevents movement and shields the brain from injury.

2. They are loosely joined so the fingers can bend, grip, twist, and perform many fine movements. This flexibility allows the hands to function for tasks that require precision and motion.

Embryology (Branch of anatomy)

The study of the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg

Developmental biology (branch of anatomy)

The study of the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.

Cell biology

• Branch of anatomy

• Study of cellular structure and functions

Histology

• branch of anatomy

• Study of Microscopic structure of tissues

Gross anatomy

• Branch of anatomy

• Study of structures that can be examined without a microscope

Systematic anatomy

• Branch of anatomy

• Study of Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous system or respiratory system.

Regional anatomy

• study of specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

Surface anatomy

• study of surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization palpation (gentle touch)

Imaging anatomy

• Body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, and CT scans.

Pathological anatomy

Study of structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.

Neurophysiology

Study of the functional properties of nerve cells

Endocrinology

• branch of physiology

• The study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions

Cardiovascular physiology

• study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels

Immunology

The study of the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents

Respiratory Physiology

Study of the functions of the air passageways and lungs

Renal physiology

The study of the functions of the kidneys

Exercise physiology

The study of changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

Pathophysiology

• the study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging

What are the six levels of organization

1) the chemical

2) cellular

3) tissue

4) organ

5) system

6) organismal

Anatomical terms trace their roots mainly to ___ and __

← Greek and Latin

Prone position

When the body is lying face down, it is dsescribed as prone position

Supine position

When lying face up, it is in the supine position

____ refer to specific sections of the human body

Body regions

What are the major regions of the body

Head

Neck

Trunk

Upper limbs

Lower limbs

The head is composed of the ___ (which houses the ____ and ____ facial bones)

Skull, cranial, facial

The ___ is made up of the chest. Located between the ___ and ___ and containing the ___ and ___)

Trunk, neck, diaphragm, heart, lungs

___ is from the diaphragm to the hips and containing digestive organs

Abdomen

Abdomen is from the ___

___ is just below the abdomen and ocntaining urinary and reproductive organs

Pelvic region

___ is the posterior area from the neck down to the buttocks

Back

The upper limb consist of __,___,___,___

Shoulder, arm, forearm, hand

The lower limb consist of ___,___,___,___,__

Buttocks, groin, thigh, leg, and foot

___is the front area where the lower limb attaches to the pelvis

Groin

___is the rounded area behind the pelvis

Buttocks

____ is between the hip/groin and the knee

Thigh

___between the knee and ankle

Leg

___curved area where the arm attaches

Shoulder

___between the elbow and wrist

Forearm

___between the shoulder and elbow

Arm

Axial

Relates to the central body region, including the head and trunk

Cephalic (head region)

Associated with the head

Refers to the skull area surrounding the brain

Cranial

Relates to the face

Facial

Pertains to the forehead

Frontal

Pertains to the eye region

Orbital

Pertains to the ear

Otic

Pertains to the nose

Nasal

Pertains to the cheek

Buccal

Pertains to the mouth

Oral

Pertains to the chin

Mental

Pertains to the back portion of the head

Occipital

Relates to the neck

Cervical

Relates to the chest region

Thoracic

Pertains to the breastbone area

Sternal

Pertains to the chest

Pectoral

Pertains to the breast area

Mammary

Pertains to the abdomen

Abdominal

Relates to the bavel

Umbilical

Pertains to the hip

Coxal

Relates to the pelvis

Pelvic

Pertains to the genital region

Pubic

Pertaining to the back

Dorsal

Pertains to shoulder blade region

Scapular

Pertains to the spinal column

Vertebral

Pertains to the area of the back between the lowest rib and buttocks

Lumbar

Pertains to the extremities or limbs

Appendicular

Superior

Above; toward the head

Inferior

Below; toward the feet

Anterior

Front side

Posterior

Back side

Medial

Toward the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Close from point of attachment (limbs)

Superficial

Near the body surface

Deep

Farther from the surface

Sagittal plane

Divides he body into left and right portions

Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Oblique plane

A plane that cuts the body at an angle other than 90 degrees to the standard planes