Paper 3 - Motivational Theorists

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

1. Physiological

• Businesses can provide necessities for their employees.

2. Safety

• Business can provide job security, fair pay, and benefit for their employees.

3. Love and Belonging

• Businesses can encourage teamwork and generate a sense of community and belonging in the workplace.

4. Esteem

• Businesses can provide recognition for employees accomplishments, and provide a positive work culture that values individual contribution.

5. Self-actualization

• Businesses can help employees achieve this need by offering opportunities for employees to pursue their passions and interests.

Herzberg Motivation-Hygiene Theory

Suggest that there are 2 types of factors that affect employee motivation and job satisfaction.

1. Hygiene Factors: elements that do not lead to job satisfaction, but their absence can cause dissatisfaction.

2. Motivators: elements that lead to job satisfaction and motivation.

McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory

1. nAch = Achievement need, need to excel and achieve challenging tasks.

2. nAff = Affiliation need, need to seek approval and acceptance, and forming a positive relationship.

3. nPow = Power need, need to influence and control others, and seek leadership positions.

Deci and Ryan’s Self-determination Theory

1. Competence = need to feel capable and effective in what we do, in and outside of work.

2. Autonomy = need to have control and make choices in our work and personal lives.

3. Relatedness = need to connect with others and feel a sense of belonging.

Equity Theory

How people perceive and react to fairness in their personal and working relationships.

1. Under-reward = giving more than receiving.

2. Equity = balance of giving and receiving.

3. Over-reward = receiving more than giving.

Expectancy Theory

Explains why people make choices and behave in specific ways.

1. Expectancy = belief that effort leads to performance.

2. Instrumentality = belief that performance leads to outcome.

3. Valence = value or desirability of those those outcomes.