Phonics Review

Semi

half, partly

Trans

across

Anti

against, opposite

Sub

under, beneath

Super

above, over

Inter

between

Un

Not

Mid

middle

Mis

Incorrect

Re

back, again

Fore

In front, before

En

In, within

De

From, off

Pre

before, in front

A

Not, without

Dis

Out of

In

In, into, not

Form

Shape (Latin)

Port

To carry (Latin)

Rupt

break, burst (Latin)

Tract

to drag, pull (Latin)

Scrib, scribe, script

To write (Latin)

Struct

To build, arrange (Latin)

Dic, dict

To say, tell (Latin)

Flect, flex

To bend, curve (Latin)

Mit, miss

to send (Latin)

Fer

To carry, bring, bear (Latin)

Phon, phono

Sound, voice (Greek)

Photo

Light, image (Greek)

Graph, gram

To write, draw (Greek)

Auto

Self, self-acting (Greek)

Tele

Far off, distance (Greek)

Ology

Study of (Greek)

Micro

Small, tiny (Greek)

Meter, metr

measure (Greek)

Therm, thermos

heat (Greek)

Bio

Life (Greek)

Phonological awareness continuum (RASSCOP)

Rhyme, alliteration, sentence segmentation, syllable segmentation, compound words, onset and rhyme, phonemic awareness

Phonological awareness continuum under phonological awareness (IBSADS)

Isolation, blending, segmentation, addition, deletion, substitution

Syllable Types (CLOVER)

Closed, Cle, open, vowel team, silent e, r controlled

Derivations suffix

Changes the part of speech. Example: verb to noun

Four part processing model

Phonological, orthographic, context, meaning

Scarborough's reading rope

Word recognition x langauge comprehension = reading comprehension

Phonological awareness

Broad skills like syllables, onsets and rimes

Phonemic awareness

Recognizing and manipulating phonemes, the smallest unit of sound

5 pillars of reading instruction

Phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension

Systems of language

phonology, morphology, semantics, orthography, syntax, pragmatics

What are the 4 inconsistent phonemes?

c, g, s, x

When to use k or c?

Use k before I or e. Before anything else, use c

When to use soft and hard c?

Use /s/ when followed by e, i, y.

Use /k/ before a, o, u, at the end of a word, or before a consonant.

/s/ or /z/?

S says /z/ between vowels or after a voiced consonant.

S says /s/ after an unvoiced consonant.

Soft and hard g?

Soft g /j/ when followed by e, i, y.

Hard sound before a, o, u, at the end of a word, or before a consonant.

When is y a consonant?

At the beginning of a word

Consonant blend

Two or more consonants that blend together without losing their own identity/sound.

Consonant digraph

Two or more consonants that represent a single phoneme (sound)

English words never end in which three consonants?

j, v, i

When to use -dge or -ge?

-dge after a short vowel.

-ge after a long vowel or consonant l, n, r.

Ch for Greek, French and Old English

Greek - /k/

French - /sh/

Old English - /ch/

Short vowel markers?

-ff, -ll, -ss, -zz, -ck, -tch, -dge

Glues sounds?

-all, -am, -an, -ng, -nk

Suggested Orrin Gillingham order to teach letters?

T, M, B, S, F, A, N

All 5 vowels have at least 4 sounds. What are they?

Short (lax), long (tense), r controlled, schwa

What is significant about l and r?

They are liquids that have continuous sounds that act as vowels

Homophones

sound exactly alike, but have different spellings and meanings

Homographs

words that are spelled the same but have different meanings

What is the least common syllable type not in clover?

V.V - vowel vowel syllable (lion)

Basic rule of syllable stress?

Nouns - first syllable is often stressed (TAble)

Verbs - second syllable is often stressed (deCIDE)

Schwa is never accented

Inflectional suffix

-s, -es, -ing, -ed. Expresses plurality or possession when added to a noun.

What are the 4 rules for adding a suffix?

Just add, doubling, E-drop, y-change

Rules for -ed suffix

/id/ - comes after abt or d

/d/ - comes after a voiced consonant

/t/ - comes after an unvoiced consonant

What is the rule for doubling a consonant when adding a suffix?

Double 1 syllable words with 1 short vowel, followed by 1 consonant

Assimilated prefix?

The last sound of the prefix blends with the first sound of the root for ease of pronunciation

What is I-connector?

Creates a bridge between the base and the suffix to make it easier to pronounce

The letter combinations that begin some final syllables in English that connect the suffixes -ion, -ian, -ent, -ous, -al, -ence/ance?

Ti, ci, si

A sentence is made up of what two phrases?

Noun phrase and verb phrase

Determiners?

Words placed before nouns to clarify the noun. Articles, demonstratives (this, that), possessives (my, his), quantifies (some, few, every), numbers, interrogatives (which, what?)

Preposition?

A word that shows the relationship between a noun and another word in a sentence

Adjective forms?

Simple (big)

Comparative (bigger)

Superlative (biggest)

Auxiliaries?

Linking verb helps the verb, moves verb from fact to possibility (can, may, might)

Adverb?

Modified a verb (simple, comparative, superlative)

Coordinating conjunction

FANBOYS=for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

subordinating conjunction

connects an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses; examples: since, before, unless, however, because

correlative conjunction

EITHER/OR, NEITHER/NOR, BOTH/AND works in pairs to join equal elements

Interjection

A word that expresses emotion like wow, yay

Clause

Needs a verb and noun phrase

Sentence structures?

Simple - one independent clause

Compound - two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction

Complex - one or more dependent clauses attached to or imbedded in an independent clause

Sentence types?

Statement - .

Interrogative - ?

Imperative - command!

Exclamation - !

Semantic knowledge leads to...

Comprehension

Semantics subtypes?

Lexical - verbal knowledge that shows relations between meanings over time

Sentential - phrase and sentence meanings interact

Pragmatics - making sense in context (social)

Denotative vs connotative

Denotative: A words exact, literal meaning

Connotative: An association that comes to mind when you hear the word

Types of antonyms

1. Gradable : gradient scale - more of one is less of the other (large/small)

2. Complementary : opposites (alive/dead, true/false, left/right)

4. Relational/symmetrical - share qualities that relate to each other

-- buy/sell, parent/child, teacher/student

Polysemy

One word can refer to many different concepts or meanings

Idioms

words and phrases that mean something different from the literal meanings of the words

Types of linguistic context clues

Antonyms, definitions, examples, structure, cause and effect, inference, explanation