AP exam 2- heart physiology

what is a type of cardiac pathophysiology

coronary artery disease

this supplies blood to the mycardium (heart muscle)

coronary artery

not enough oxygen

hypoxia

NO oxygen is being delivered

anoxia

anoxia leads to

necrosis (tissue death)

this type of muscle does NOT regenerate (heal)

• its replaced with scar tissue

cardiac muscle

• can’t grow new heart muscle

when the coronary arteries become obstructed, tissue downstream is deprived of:

• blood flow

  • oxygen

  • nutrients

  • waste removal

an obstruction caused by arterial plaque can lead to (3)

• atherosclerosis

• coronary ischemia

• angina pectoris

this is the beginning of an arterial disease process

• leads to Arterialsclerosis

atherosclerosis

this is the combination of

• oxidized cholesterol (sticky)

• macrophages

• calcium deposits

• fibrin

plaque

when plaque grows and invades the lumen it leads to

hypoxia

this is the later stage disease process

• hardening of the arteries

arteriolosclerosis

this is reduced blood flow to cardiac muscle

coronary ischemia

this is the warning sign to coronary artery disease

• chest pain

  • men get it more often then women

angina pectoris

why do plaques form

inflammation in the wall of the coronary arteries

inflammation in an undamaged coronary artery can trigger

atherosclerosis

what causes inflammation (4)

• diet

• smoking

• genetics

• hypertension

forming a clot in the coronary artery

coronary thrombosis

clot that gets dislodged in the coronary artery

coronary embolism

coronary thrombosis and embolism make the heart anoxic and lead to

myocardial infraction (heart attack)

every time you have a heart attack, the heart gets weaker because

you kill part of the heart

what are the steps in that lead up to a myocardial infraction (4)

1. plaque forms in artery

2. lining artery is damaged

3. plaque destabilizes and ruptures

4. platelets stick and form a blood clot

   1. causes heart attack

what are the 7 ways to prevent/ treat a heart attack

1. diet and lifestyle

2. vasodilators

3. blot buster drugs

4. clot extraction

5. angioplasty

6. stent placement

7. coronary artery bypass grafting

these are used to momentarily prevent heart attacks by increasing the diameter of a blood vessel

vasodilators

this is a heart attack drug that dissolves the clot and limit the amount of heart that you kill

• time sensitive

  • used after a heart attack has happened

clot buster drugs (tPA)

this is a type of heart attack treatment where a claw like tool reaches in, grabs the clot, and removes it

• plaque still remains there

clot extraction

this is the type of heart attack treatment where a balloon is blown up and squashes the plaque down

angioplasty (PCTA)

this is the type of heart attack treatment where a cage is placed to hold the plaque down and allow blood to flow through

• can have more then 1 of these

stent placement

this is the heart attack treatment where a new vein is placed so the clot is bypassed

bypass

this is the space inside an artery or vein

lumen