Exam 2 - US gov

Public officials can regulate the time, place, and conditions of public assembly, provided the regulations are reasonable.

true

The highest degree of freedom, according to Freedom House can be found in which country?

the United States

The Fourth Amendment protects Americans from unreasonable searches.

True

Spoken words that are known to be false and harmful to a person's reputation are referred to as

slander

The _______________ amendments contains a due process clause.

fourteenth

If a person yells "Fire!" in a crowded theater when there is no fire, and people are hurt in the ensuing panic, that individual has abused their freedom of speech, according to the doctrine of

clear and present danger

The Miranda warning begins with _________________________

"You have the right to remain silent..."

The right to privacy was instrumental in which decision?

Roe v. Wade

The exclusionary rule states that

evidence obtained illegally is inadmissible in court.

The principle of prior restraint on the press is only acceptable if

the government can clearly justify the restriction.

The Supreme Court ruled that flag burning in the Texas v. Johnson case

cannot be prohibited even though it may be offensive.

The most basic of democratic rights is

freedom of expression.

Police officers can legally begin their interrogation of a suspect

after the suspect has been warned that their words can be used as evidence.

Libel applies to defamation of an individual's reputation through the

written word.

There is no right to privacy explicitly found in the Constitution, however, the Supreme Court has surmised that it is implied in

the freedoms in the Bill of Rights.

The term civil liberties refers to specific individual rights that are constitutionally protected from infringement by government.

true

Which amendment guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

the First amendment.

The _____________ amendment protects the individual against self-incrimination.

fifth

Government is prohibited by the establishment clause from

favoring one religion over another or supporting religion over no religion.

Citizens are allowed to own guns for legitimate purposes, such as for protecting the home based on which of the following Supreme Court decisions.

District of Columbia v. Heller and McDonald v. Chicago

The policy of affirmative action arose when

it became apparent that disadvantaged Americans would not attain equal employment through the 1964 Civil Rights Act alone or through individual lawsuits.

Which type of household has the LOWEST percentage of families living in poverty?

two-parent family

_______________ was the reason for the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case.

affirmative action.

In 2015, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of ________________________, that state bans on same-sex marriage violated the Fourteenth Amendment.

Obergefell v. Hodges

Housing in America continues to evidence a high degree of racial segregation.

True

In 1848, ____________________ was the site of the first well-organized attempt to promote women's rights.

Seneca Falls, New York.

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

was conducted by Black Americans seeking equality of rights.

In 1968, the Civil Rights Act was passed to prohibit discrimination in

housing.

The Supreme Court ruled in the Brown v. Board of Education decision that racial segregation in schools violated the

equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The first Asian immigrants to come to America in large numbers

were brought in as laborers in mines and railroad construction.

____________________ appointed the first woman ever to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court.

President Reagan

Women in America obtained the right to vote in 1890.

False

The women's suffrage movement was initially aligned with

the abolition movement.

Mandatory retirement ages for most jobs have been eliminated by law.

true

Native Americans (select all that apply)

have a far higher infant mortality rate than the national average.

today number more than 2 million.

can now teach children exclusively in their native language in schools run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

are less than half as likely to finish college as other Americans.

African Americans voting increased significantly after which of the following?

the Voting Rights Act of 1965

The indigenous people of the United States

were not given citizenship status en masse until the 20th century.

On August 28, 1963, the famous speech about the dream of an America where people are judged by character and not skin color was delivered by

Martin Luther King Jr.

The average annual income of Hispanic Americans is relatively close to the national average.

False

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was aimed at eliminating discrimination by private individuals in their employment practices and in their operation of public accommodations (e.g., hotels, restaurants).

true

Women are less likely than men to favor the use of force to settle international disputes.

True

Most conservatives resistant to government intervention

in the economic but not the social sphere.

A member of Congress who wants to act on what the majority of his or her constituency thinks on a particular issue would be advised to respond to which of the following indicators?

a poll based on a random selection sample of constituents

A general belief about the role and purpose of government is called an ideology.

true

Which of the following actions by a member of Congress would likely lead Edmund Burke to classify that member as a "trustee"?

The member votes against a resolution declaring war, believing it unwise, despite her constituents having a majority opinion in favor of the war.

A situation in which people base their concerns on a group identity and align themselves politically with those who share that identity is called

identify politics

Which of the following is/are a primary socializing agent? (select all that apply)

school

family

church

Party identification refers to the percentage of polled individuals that claim membership in a particular party.

False

Which of the following is false about public opinion polling?

Polls have a 99.5% accuracy rating.

What is happening in our culture that has increased calls for gun control in the United States?

record-setting numbers of gun-related deaths

Which of the following groups in the U.S. shows the highest support for collective bargaining and other union activities?

factory workers

A properly drawn sample of one thousand individuals has a sampling error of roughly plus or minus

3 percent.

The most important considerations in determining the accuracy of an opinion poll are

the size of the sample and whether the sample was selected from the population by a random method.

According to a recent Pew Research Center poll, young adults are substantially more likely than senior citizens to support

stronger environmental regulations.

Dramatic changes in party identification are not the norm, when it does occur it is most often a consequence of

major upheaval

_______________________ is the process by which individuals acquire their political opinions.

Political socialization

Which of the following statements is MOST likely to apply to economic or social liberals? (select all that apply)

They favor more government spending for the poor.

They believe lifestyle choices should be left to the individual.

As an agent of political socialization, the American family will likely have its greatest effect on an individual's

party identification.

The Gallup poll has correctly predicted the presidential election results in every election except the

1948 Truman-Dewey.

Polling accuracy is often incorrect when people

give what they regard as the socially correct response to certain questions even though they think differently.

Compared with U.S. citizens of higher incomes, those of lower incomes are much less likely to vote in elections.

True

Poll taxes, literacy tests and other means were ways to

disenfranchise African Americans in the South.

Political protests

are seen by most Americans as something to be accepted but not admired.

It was only after the passage of the _________________ that African American men were permitted to vote.

Fifteenth

The "motor voter" law allowed you to drive-up to kiosk and cast your votes.

false

Which of the following age group is least likely to vote?

young adults

In the United States,

voter registration requirements have usually been set by the states.

It was not until the passage of the________ Amendment that 18-20 year-olds were granted the right to vote.

twenty-Sixth

Because there are so many elections in the United States it tends to reduce voter turnout by

increasing the personal effort needed to participate in all elections.

Voter registration began in the United States

as a way of preventing voters from casting more than one ballot on Election Day.

Voting (select all that apply)

provides citizens with a regular way to express themselves politically.

is a limited form of political participation.

does not offer as full an opportunity for political participation as some other activities.

is the most widespread form of political participation.

"Independents" are those who do not identify with Democrats or Republicans and tend to be idealized in high school students. Yet their lack of partisanship makes it less likely that they have

political interest.

Occupy Wall Street's main target has been

the widening income gap between the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans and the rest of society.

Which of the following movements gained national attention in response to the killing of George Floyd in Minnesota in 2020?

Black Lives Matter

Which of the following beliefs is widespread among Americans, according to a poll conducted by Stanford University?

Americans carry out a meaningful amount of voter fraud every year.

At the founding of the United States the only persons who could vote were

only males who owned property.

An ongoing effort by citizens who are unhappy with government in order to express their dissatisfaction and trying to change things social or political is a

political movement.

Women were not granted the right to vote

early in the 20th century.

Which of the following statements about political participation and lower-income Americans is true?

They need the most government help but are least likely to engage in collective action to seek it.

The Tea Party began as

opposition to high taxes.

Civil liberties

specific individual rights, such as the rightto a fair trial, that are constitutionally protected againstinfringement by government.

Bill of rights

the 10 amendments that list the rights the federal government is obliged to protect.

The Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause prevents the states from abridging individual rights.

The Supreme Court has engaged in selective incorporation—invoking the Fourteenth Amendment to apply the Bill of Rights to the states.

Freedom of expression

the most basic of democratic rights, but like all rights, it is not unlimited.

Initially the status of the right of free expression wasuncertain.

Sedition Act of 1798

Today free expression is vigorously protected by the courts; but it

can be denied if it endangers national security, wrongly damages others' reputations, or deprives others of their rights.

Tests of government actions to limit speech: clear-and-present-danger test and imminent lawless action.

Hate speech protected but not hate crimes.

Symbolic speech

(action, not words) is protected but less completely than verbal speech.

Government can place

time, place, and manner restrictions.

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

and publication of the "Pentagon Papers."

Prior restraint:

government prohibition of speech or publication before it occurs.

Libel:

publishing material that falsely damages a person'sreputation.

Slander

spoken words that falsely damage a person's reputation.

"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof."

freedom of religion

Establishment clause:

government may not favor one religion over another or support religion over no religion

Court has frequently applied the Lemon test.

The policy must have a nonreligious purpose.

• Policy's principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion.

• Policy must not foster "an excessive government entanglement with religion."

Free-exercise clause:

government is prohibited from interfering with the practice of religion

Controversial cases:

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores (2014).

• Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission(2018).

• Creationism is taught alongside the theory of evolution in public schools.

In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the Court further extended the 2008 decision to apply to all state and local governments.

The right to Bear Arms

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Americans have a "zone of privacy" that the government cannot lawfully invade.